Abstract
• Single-time fertilization of CRBF optimized soil N distribution and maintained the soil NH 4 + -N concentration to synchronize rice N requirement. • Single-time fertilization of CRBF improved root biomass and shaping root morphology. • Single-time fertilization of CRBF increased rice grain yield and NUE by increasing plant N uptake, shaping root morphology and increasing soil inorganic N. Single-time fertilization (STF) of controlled release blended fertilizer (CRBF) improves grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in rice production. However, the impact of soil nitrogen (N) distribution and root growth on rice yield and NUE under STF of CRBF remains unclear. This two-year field experiment investigated the effects of fertilizer types (normal urea (U) and CRBF) and single-time fertilization methods (broadcast and side-deep fertilization) on the soil N distribution, plant N uptake, root characteristics, grain yield and NUE. The results showed that CRBF under STF averaged increased plant dry matter accumulation, N uptake, grain yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) by 8.29, 21.85, 10.57, 79.28, and 74.8% compared to the other treatments, respectively. Side-deep fertilization of CRBF further increased NUE by 12.78% compared to broadcast. Moreover, CRBF under STF increased leaf SPAD value and glutamine synthetase (GS) /glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) activity by 5.93 and 25.58%. CRBF under STF increased the soil inorganic N concentration and showed a “rising early and stabilizing later” characteristic. Additionally, CRBF under STF improved rice root growth and averaged increased root biomass, total root number, root average diameter, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume by 28.30, 28.56, 18.64, 13.38, 35.26, and 37.06% at tillering and heading stages, respectively. Partial least squares path modeling indicated that CRBF under STF increased soil inorganic N concentration to improve root morphology, thereby increasing N uptake and improving and rice yield and NUE. Taken together, our findings support that CRBF with single-time fertilization is the preferred N fertilizer strategy for achieving high yield and efficiency in rice and that side-deep fertilization is the optimal fertilization method. 1
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased plant dry matter accumulation by 8.29% compared with the other treatments.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- plant dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.29e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF averaged increased plant dry matter accumulation, N uptake, grain yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) by 8.29, 21.85, 10.57, 79.28, and 74.8% compared to the other treatments”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased N uptake by 21.85% compared with the other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.85e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF averaged increased plant dry matter accumulation, N uptake, grain yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) by 8.29, 21.85, 10.57, 79.28, and 74.8% compared to the other treatments”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased grain yield by 10.57% compared with the other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.57e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF averaged increased plant dry matter accumulation, N uptake, grain yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) by 8.29, 21.85, 10.57, 79.28, and 74.8% compared to the other treatments”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 79.28% compared with the other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 79.28e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF averaged increased plant dry matter accumulation, N uptake, grain yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) by 8.29, 21.85, 10.57, 79.28, and 74.8% compared to the other treatments”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency by 74.8% compared with the other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 74.8%e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF averaged increased plant dry matter accumulation, N uptake, grain yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) by 8.29, 21.85, 10.57, 79.28, and 74.8% compared to the other treatments”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Side-deep fertilization of CRBF increased NUE by 12.78% compared with broadcast fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Side-deep fertilization of CRBFe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.78%e0
- Comparator
- broadcaste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Side-deep fertilization of CRBF further increased NUE by 12.78% compared to broadcast”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased leaf SPAD value by 5.93%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- leaf SPAD valuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.93e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF increased leaf SPAD value and glutamine synthetase (GS) /glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) activity by 5.93 and 25.58%”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased glutamine synthetase/GOGAT activity by 25.58%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Gene
- glutamine synthetase (GS) /glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT)e0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.58%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF increased leaf SPAD value and glutamine synthetase (GS) /glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) activity by 5.93 and 25.58%”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased soil inorganic N concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- soil inorganic N concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF increased the soil inorganic N concentration”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased root biomass by 28.30% at tillering and heading stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- tillering and heading stagese0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.30e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF improved rice root growth and averaged increased root biomass, total root number, root average diameter, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume by 28.30, 28.56, 18.64, 13.38, 35.26, and 37.06% at tillering and heading stages”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased total root number by 28.56% at tillering and heading stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- tillering and heading stagese0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- total root numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.56e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF improved rice root growth and averaged increased root biomass, total root number, root average diameter, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume by 28.30, 28.56, 18.64, 13.38, 35.26, and 37.06% at tillering and heading stages”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased root average diameter by 18.64% at tillering and heading stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- tillering and heading stagese0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- root average diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.64e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF improved rice root growth and averaged increased root biomass, total root number, root average diameter, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume by 28.30, 28.56, 18.64, 13.38, 35.26, and 37.06% at tillering and heading stages”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased total root length by 13.38% at tillering and heading stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- tillering and heading stagese0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.38e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF improved rice root growth and averaged increased root biomass, total root number, root average diameter, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume by 28.30, 28.56, 18.64, 13.38, 35.26, and 37.06% at tillering and heading stages”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased total root surface area by 35.26% at tillering and heading stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- tillering and heading stagese0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- total root surface areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.26e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF improved rice root growth and averaged increased root biomass, total root number, root average diameter, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume by 28.30, 28.56, 18.64, 13.38, 35.26, and 37.06% at tillering and heading stages”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization increased total root volume by 37.06% at tillering and heading stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- tillering and heading stagese0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- total root volumee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.06%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRBF under STF improved rice root growth and averaged increased root biomass, total root number, root average diameter, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume by 28.30, 28.56, 18.64, 13.38, 35.26, and 37.06% at tillering and heading stages”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF under single-time fertilization improved rice root morphology, increasing soil inorganic N concentration and thereby N uptake, yield and NUE.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRBF under STFe0
- Outcome
- root morphologye0
- Qualifier
- increased soil inorganic N concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Partial least squares path modeling indicated that CRBF under STF increased soil inorganic N concentration to improve root morphology, thereby increasing N uptake and improving and rice yield and NUE”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF with single-time fertilization is recommended as the preferred N fertilizer strategy for high yield and efficiency in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- high yield and efficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Taken together, our findings support that CRBF with single-time fertilization is the preferred N fertilizer strategy for achieving high yield and efficiency in rice and that side-deep fertilization is the optimal fertilization method”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Side-deep fertilization is recommended as the optimal fertilization method for rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- optimal fertilization methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Taken together, our findings support that CRBF with single-time fertilization is the preferred N fertilizer strategy for achieving high yield and efficiency in rice and that side-deep fertilization is the optimal fertilization method”
t0“japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
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