Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lodging in rice production often limits grain yield and quality by breaking or bending stems. Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates are the cause of poor lodging resistance in rice, but little is known about the effect of top-dressing N application rates on the mechanical strength of japonica rice plants, especially how the anatomical structure in culms is affected by N. In this study, field experiments on two japonica rice varieties with three top-dressing N application rates, 0 kg N ha(-1) (LN), 135 kg N ha(-1) (MN), and 270 kg N ha(-1) (HN) as urea, were conducted. Wuyunjing23, a lodging-resistant japonica rice cultivar and W3668, a lodging-susceptible japonica rice cultivar were used. The lodging index, breaking strength, morphological and anatomical traits in culms were measured in this study. RESULTS: The visual lodging rate in japonica rice differed remarkably between genotypes and top-dressing N treatments. The higher lodging index of rice plants was primarily attributed to the weak breaking strength of the lower internodes. The longer elongated basal internodes were responsible for higher plant height and a higher lodging index. Correlation analysis showed that breaking strength was significantly and positively correlated with the thickness of the mechanical tissue but was significantly and negatively correlated with the inner diameter of the major axis (b2). With increasing top-dressing N rates, the sclerenchyma cells of the mechanical tissues and the vascular bundles of the Wuyunjing23 cultivar varied little. The plant height, inner diameter of the minor axis (a2) and b2 increased significantly, but the area of the large vascular bundle (ALVB) and the area of the small vascular bundle (ASVB) decreased significantly and resulted in lower stem strength and a higher lodging index under higher top-dressing N conditions. The culm diameter of the W3668 cultivar increased slightly with no significant difference, and the sclerenchyma cells in the mechanical tissues and vascular bundles showed deficient lignifications under high top-dressing N conditions. Moreover, the ALVB and the ASVB decreased significantly, while the area of air chambers (AAC) increased rapidly. CONCLUSIONS: An improvement in the lodging resistance of japonica rice plants could be achieved by reducing the length of the lower internodes, decreasing the inner culm diameter and developing a thicker mechanical tissue. Top-dressing N application increased the plant height and inner culm diameter and decreased the ALVB and the ASVB of the Wuyunjing23 cultivar and caused deficient lignified sclerenchyma cells, lowered the ALVB and the ASVB, and increased the AAC of the W3668 cultivar resulting in weaker stem strength and a higher lodging index.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Visual lodging rate differed between rice genotypes and nitrogen treatments.
- Taxon
- japonica rice
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=60)
Oryza sativa Japonica Groupt0 - Treatment
- top-dressing N treatmentse0
- Outcome
- visual lodging ratee0
- Direction
- differed remarkablye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The visual lodging rate in japonica rice differed remarkably between genotypes and top-dressing N treatments.”
t0“Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher lodging index was primarily attributed to weak lower-internode breaking strength.
- Taxon
- rice plants
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- weak breaking strength of the lower internodese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The higher lodging index of rice plants was primarily attributed to the weak breaking strength of the lower internodes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer elongated basal internodes contributed to greater plant height and lodging index.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- basal internodese0
- Outcome
- higher plant height and a higher lodging indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The longer elongated basal internodes were responsible for higher plant height and a higher lodging index.”
t0“Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Breaking strength was significantly positively correlated with mechanical-tissue thickness.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- mechanical tissuee0
- Outcome
- breaking strengthe0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“breaking strength was significantly and positively correlated with the thickness of the mechanical tissue”
t0“Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wuyunjing23 sclerenchyma cells and vascular bundles varied little with nitrogen rate.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Material
- Wuyunjing23e0
- Treatment
- increasing top-dressing N ratese0
- Outcome
- sclerenchyma cells of the mechanical tissues and the vascular bundlese0
- Direction
- varied littlee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With increasing top-dressing N rates, the sclerenchyma cells of the mechanical tissues and the vascular bundles of the Wuyunjing23 cultivar varied little.”
t0“Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen increased Wuyunjing23 plant height and inner culm diameters.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Material
- Wuyunjing23e2
- Treatment
- top-Dressing Nitrogen Application Ratest0
- Outcome
- plant height, inner diameter of the minor axis (a2) and b2e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plant height, inner diameter of the minor axis (a2) and b2 increased significantly”
t0“Lodging Resistance of Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.): Morphological and Anatomical Traits due to top-Dressing Nitrogen Application Rates”
e2“vascular bundles of the Wuyunjing23 cultivar varied little”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen decreased Wuyunjing23 large and small vascular bundle areas.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- top-Dressing Nitrogen Application Ratest0
- Outcome
- area of the large vascular bundle (ALVB) and the area of the small vascular bundle (ASVB)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the area of the large vascular bundle (ALVB) and the area of the small vascular bundle (ASVB) decreased significantly”
t0“Lodging Resistance of Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.): Morphological and Anatomical Traits due to top-Dressing Nitrogen Application Rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen reduced stem strength and raised lodging index.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- higher top-dressing N conditionse0
- Outcome
- stem strengthe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulted in lower stem strength and a higher lodging index under higher top-dressing N conditions”
t0“Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen raised the lodging index.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- higher top-dressing N conditionse0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulted in lower stem strength and a higher lodging index under higher top-dressing N conditions”
t0“Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
W3668 culm diameter rose slightly without a significant difference under high nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Material
- W3668e0
- Treatment
- high top-dressing N conditionse2
- Outcome
- culm diametere0
- Direction
- increased slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The culm diameter of the W3668 cultivar increased slightly with no significant difference”
t0“Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)”
e2“high top-dressing N conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
W3668 sclerenchyma cells and vascular bundles had deficient lignification under high nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- sclerenchyma cells in the mechanical tissues and vascular bundlese0
- Treatment
- high top-dressing N conditionse0
- Outcome
- deficient lignificationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the sclerenchyma cells in the mechanical tissues and vascular bundles showed deficient lignifications under high top-dressing N conditions”
t0“Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
W3668 large and small vascular bundle areas decreased significantly.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Outcome
- ALVB and the ASVBe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ALVB and the ASVB decreased significantly”
t0“Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
W3668 air chamber area increased rapidly.
- Taxon
- Japonica RiceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Outcome
- area of air chambers (AAC)e0
- Direction
- increased rapidlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the area of air chambers (AAC) increased rapidly”
t0“Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose shorter lower internodes, narrower inner culm diameter, and thicker mechanical tissue to improve lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- japonica rice plantsOryza sativa Japonica Groupe0
- Outcome
- reducing the length of the lower internodes, decreasing the inner culm diameter and developing a thicker mechanical tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An improvement in the lodging resistance of japonica rice plants could be achieved by reducing the length of the lower internodes, decreasing the inner culm diameter and developing a thicker mechanical tissue.”
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