Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a major factor affecting rice yield and lodging resistance. Previous studies have primarily investigated the impact of N management on rice lodging in conventional rice monoculture (RM); however, few studies have performed such investigations in rice-crayfish coculture (RC). We hypothesized that RC would increase rice lodging risk and that optimizing N application practices would improve rice lodging resistance without affecting food security. We conducted a two-factor (rice farming mode and N management practice) field experiment from 2021 to 2022 to test our hypothesis. The rice farming modes included RM and RC, and the N management practices included no nitrogen fertilizer, conventional N application, and optimized N treatment. The rice yield and lodging resistance characteristics, such as the morphology, mechanical and chemical characteristics, anatomic structure, and gene expression levels, were analysed and compared among the different treatments. Under the same N application practice, RC decreased the rice yield by 11.1–24.4% and increased the lodging index by 19.6–45.6% compared with the values yielded in RM. In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice, respectively. Furthermore, it increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, breaking strength, and non-structural and structural carbohydrate content by 0.8–4.9%, 2.2–53.1%, 13.5–19.2%, 2.2–24.7%, and 31.3–87.2%, respectively. Optimized N application increased sclerenchymal and parenchymal tissue areas of the vascular bundle at the culm wall of the base second internode. Furthermore, optimized N application upregulated genes involved in lignin and cellulose synthesis, thereby promoting lower internodes on the rice stem and enhancing lodging resistance. Optimized N application in RC significantly reduced the lodging index by 1.8–19.5% and stabilized the rice yield (>8,570 kg ha–1 on average). This study systematically analysed and compared the differences in lodging characteristics between RM and RC, and these findings will aid in the development of more efficient practices for RC that will reduce N fertilizer application.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Rice–crayfish coculture reduced rice yield by 11.1–24.4% versus monoculture under the same N practice.
- Taxon
- japonica rice
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=60)
Oryza sativa Japonica Groupt0 - Treatment
- RCe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11.1–24.4%e0
- Comparator
- RMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Under the same N application practice, RC decreased the rice yield by 11.1–24.4% and increased the lodging index by 19.6–45.6% compared with the values yielded in RM”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice–crayfish coculture increased lodging index by 19.6–45.6% versus monoculture.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- RCe0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.6–45.6%e0
- Comparator
- RMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the same N application practice, RC decreased the rice yield by 11.1–24.4% and increased the lodging index by 19.6–45.6% compared with the values yielded in RM”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N reduced plant height by 4.0–4.8%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 4.0–4.8%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N reduced panicle neck node height by 5.2–7.8%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione0
- Outcome
- panicle neck node heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 5.2–7.8%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N reduced centre of gravity height by 0.5–4.5%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione0
- Outcome
- centre of gravity heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.5–4.5%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N reduced bending stress by 5.5–10.5%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione0
- Outcome
- bending stresse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 5.5–10.5%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N reduced lodging index by 1.8–19.5%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 1.8–19.5%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N increased culm diameter by 0.8–4.9%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione1
- Outcome
- culm diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.8–4.9%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, it increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, breaking strength, and non-structural and structural carbohydrate content by 0.8–4.9%, 2.2–53.1%, 13.5–19.2%, 2.2–24.7%, and 31.3–87.2%, respectively”
t0“japonica rice”
e1“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N increased culm wall thickness by 2.2–53.1%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione1
- Outcome
- culm wall thicknesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.2–53.1%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, it increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, breaking strength, and non-structural and structural carbohydrate content by 0.8–4.9%, 2.2–53.1%, 13.5–19.2%, 2.2–24.7%, and 31.3–87.2%, respectively”
t0“japonica rice”
e1“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N increased breaking strength by 13.5–19.2%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione1
- Outcome
- breaking strengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.5–19.2%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, it increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, breaking strength, and non-structural and structural carbohydrate content by 0.8–4.9%, 2.2–53.1%, 13.5–19.2%, 2.2–24.7%, and 31.3–87.2%, respectively”
t0“japonica rice”
e1“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N increased non-structural carbohydrate content by 2.2–24.7%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione1
- Outcome
- non-structural and structural carbohydrate contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.2–24.7%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, it increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, breaking strength, and non-structural and structural carbohydrate content by 0.8–4.9%, 2.2–53.1%, 13.5–19.2%, 2.2–24.7%, and 31.3–87.2%, respectively”
t0“japonica rice”
e1“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N increased structural carbohydrate content by 31.3–87.2%.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione1
- Outcome
- structural carbohydrate contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31.3–87.2%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, it increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, breaking strength, and non-structural and structural carbohydrate content by 0.8–4.9%, 2.2–53.1%, 13.5–19.2%, 2.2–24.7%, and 31.3–87.2%, respectively”
t0“japonica rice”
e1“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N increased sclerenchymal tissue area in the basal second internode.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione0
- Outcome
- sclerenchymal and parenchymal tissue arease0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimized N application increased sclerenchymal and parenchymal tissue areas of the vascular bundle at the culm wall of the base second internode”
t0“japonica rice”
e1“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N increased parenchymal tissue area in the basal second internode.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione0
- Outcome
- parenchymal tissue arease0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional N application practicee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimized N application increased sclerenchymal and parenchymal tissue areas of the vascular bundle at the culm wall of the base second internode”
t0“japonica rice”
e1“In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N upregulated genes involved in lignin and cellulose synthesis.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione0
- Outcome
- genes involved in lignin and cellulose synthesise0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimized N application upregulated genes involved in lignin and cellulose synthesis”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene upregulation under optimized N promoted lower internodes and enhanced lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- optimized N applicatione0
- Gene
- genes involved in lignin and cellulose synthesise0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Qualifier
- promoting lower internodes on the rice steme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimized N application upregulated genes involved in lignin and cellulose synthesis, thereby promoting lower internodes on the rice stem and enhancing lodging resistance”
t0“japonica rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N in coculture stabilized rice yield above 8,570 kg ha–1 on average.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupt0
- Treatment
- Optimized N applicatione0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- stabilizede0
- Value
- >8,570 kg ha–1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimized N application in RC significantly reduced the lodging index by 1.8–19.5% and stabilized the rice yield (>8,570 kg ha–1 on average)”
t0“japonica rice”
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