Abstract
Lodging is a primary factor limiting rice grain yield. How to achieve the synergistic improvement of high yield and nitrogen use efficiency without lodging has always been the focus worldwide. In this study, Yongyou 2640 (indica-japonica hybrid rice) and Jinxiangyu 1 (inbred japonica rice) were used as materials for field experiments across two years. Six different nitrogen managements were set up, including no nitrogen (T1), conventional urea (T2), controlled-release nitrogen (T3), reduction of controlled-release nitrogen (T4), controlled-release nitrogen combined with one-time basal conventional urea (T5), controlled-release nitrogen combined with split conventional urea (T6). The results showed that compared with T2, the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen (T5 and T6) could improve nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield by 4.89–5.69% and 3.41–4.65%, respectively. The carbohydrate contents of the second basal internode, the internode breaking strength, the thickness of the epidermal silicon layer, the number of large and small vascular bundles, and the thickness of parenchymatous tissue and mechanical tissue were increased, whereas the internode length, bending moment and lodging index were reduced under the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen. These results indicated that the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen could achieve the goal of high yield and nitrogen use efficiency with synchronously increased stem strength due to the improvement in the morphological, mechanical, physicochemical and anatomical properties of second basal stem.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Combined controlled-release nitrogen management improved nitrogen use efficiency by 4.89–5.69% versus conventional urea.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen (T5 and T6)e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvee0
- Value
- 4.89–5.69%e0
- Comparator
- T2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with T2, the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen (T5 and T6) could improve nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield by 4.89–5.69% and 3.41–4.65%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
e1“conventional urea (T2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined controlled-release nitrogen management improved grain yield by 3.41–4.65% versus T2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen (T5 and T6)e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvee0
- Value
- 3.41–4.65%e0
- Comparator
- T2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with T2, the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen (T5 and T6) could improve nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield by 4.89–5.69% and 3.41–4.65%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined controlled-release nitrogen increased carbohydrate contents of the second basal internode.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- second basal internodee0
- Treatment
- combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogene0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate contents of the second basal internodee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional urea (T2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The carbohydrate contents of the second basal internode, the internode breaking strength, the thickness of the epidermal silicon layer, the number of large and small vascular bundles, and the thickness of parenchymatous tissue and mechanical tissue were increased, whereas the internode length, bending moment and lodging index were reduced under the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen.”
t0“rice”
e1“conventional urea (T2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined controlled-release nitrogen increased internode breaking strength.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogene0
- Outcome
- internode breaking strengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional urea (T2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The carbohydrate contents of the second basal internode, the internode breaking strength, the thickness of the epidermal silicon layer, the number of large and small vascular bundles, and the thickness of parenchymatous tissue and mechanical tissue were increased, whereas the internode length, bending moment and lodging index were reduced under the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen.”
t0“rice”
e1“conventional urea (T2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined controlled-release nitrogen increased epidermal silicon layer thickness.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogene0
- Outcome
- thickness of the epidermal silicon layere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional urea (T2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The carbohydrate contents of the second basal internode, the internode breaking strength, the thickness of the epidermal silicon layer, the number of large and small vascular bundles, and the thickness of parenchymatous tissue and mechanical tissue were increased, whereas the internode length, bending moment and lodging index were reduced under the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen.”
t0“rice”
e1“conventional urea (T2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined controlled-release nitrogen increased numbers of large and small vascular bundles.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogene0
- Outcome
- number of large and small vascular bundlese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional urea (T2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The carbohydrate contents of the second basal internode, the internode breaking strength, the thickness of the epidermal silicon layer, the number of large and small vascular bundles, and the thickness of parenchymatous tissue and mechanical tissue were increased, whereas the internode length, bending moment and lodging index were reduced under the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen.”
t0“rice”
e1“conventional urea (T2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined controlled-release nitrogen increased parenchymatous and mechanical tissue thickness.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogene0
- Outcome
- thickness of parenchymatous tissue and mechanical tissuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional urea (T2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The carbohydrate contents of the second basal internode, the internode breaking strength, the thickness of the epidermal silicon layer, the number of large and small vascular bundles, and the thickness of parenchymatous tissue and mechanical tissue were increased, whereas the internode length, bending moment and lodging index were reduced under the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen.”
t0“rice”
e1“conventional urea (T2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined controlled-release nitrogen reduced internode length.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogene0
- Outcome
- internode lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- conventional urea (T2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The carbohydrate contents of the second basal internode, the internode breaking strength, the thickness of the epidermal silicon layer, the number of large and small vascular bundles, and the thickness of parenchymatous tissue and mechanical tissue were increased, whereas the internode length, bending moment and lodging index were reduced under the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen.”
t0“rice”
e1“conventional urea (T2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined controlled-release nitrogen reduced bending moment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogene0
- Outcome
- bending momente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- conventional urea (T2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The carbohydrate contents of the second basal internode, the internode breaking strength, the thickness of the epidermal silicon layer, the number of large and small vascular bundles, and the thickness of parenchymatous tissue and mechanical tissue were increased, whereas the internode length, bending moment and lodging index were reduced under the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen.”
t0“rice”
e1“conventional urea (T2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined controlled-release nitrogen reduced lodging index.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogene0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- conventional urea (T2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The carbohydrate contents of the second basal internode, the internode breaking strength, the thickness of the epidermal silicon layer, the number of large and small vascular bundles, and the thickness of parenchymatous tissue and mechanical tissue were increased, whereas the internode length, bending moment and lodging index were reduced under the combined application strategy of controlled-release nitrogen.”
t0“rice”
e1“conventional urea (T2)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.