Abstract
Bacteria are increasingly used in agriculture as eco-friendly alternatives to promote plant growth through mechanisms such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, hormone production, and improved nutrient uptake. This study aims to examine the effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the growth, quality, and nutrient content of Begonia semperflorens, a commercially valuable ornamental plant known for its long flowering period and vibrant blooms. In this study, one-month-old Begonia semperflorens seedlings were dipped into bacterial suspensions (10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹) of Pseudomonas chlororaphis MF-1, Bacillus megaterium M-3, and Agrobacterium radiobacter A-16 for 20 minutes prior to planting. After planting, the seedlings were irrigated with bacterial suspensions as watering solution at twice at 15-day intervals. At the end of one month, plant growth and quality parameters (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, stem diameter, flower stem, plant crown width, number of blooming flowers). were evaluated, along with macro- and microelement contents (total N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Mg, and Fe) in both plant leaves and the growing medium. All bacterial treatments significantly improved plant growth and quality compared to the control group, with M-3 exhibiting the most pronounced effects, increasing plant height by 40%, leaf number by 133%, leaf area by 348%, and flower number by 61%. A-16 enhanced crown width (45%) and flower stem length (26%), while MF-1 improved plant height (43%) and flower production (51%). Additionally, M-3 increased total nitrogen in leaves by 43%, while bacterial treatments enhanced various elements in plant leaves. The results show that these bacterial isolates improve begonia plant characteristics, providing high-quality plants and offering a sustainable alternative as microbial fertilizers in ornamental plant cultivation.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
All bacterial treatments significantly improved begonia growth and quality over control.
- Taxon
- Begonia semperflorens
.jpg?width=60)
Begonia cucullatat0 - Treatment
- bacterial treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant growth and qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“All bacterial treatments significantly improved plant growth and quality compared to the control group, with M-3 exhibiting the most pronounced effects, increasing plant height by 40%, leaf number by 133%, leaf area by 348%, and flower number by 61%.”
t0“Begonia semperflorens”
Claim · model-written summary
M-3 raised plant height by 40%.
- Taxon
- Begonia semperflorensBegonia cucullatat0
- Treatment
- M-3e0
- Interactor
- M-3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All bacterial treatments significantly improved plant growth and quality compared to the control group, with M-3 exhibiting the most pronounced effects, increasing plant height by 40%, leaf number by 133%, leaf area by 348%, and flower number by 61%.”
t0“Begonia semperflorens”
Claim · model-written summary
M-3 raised leaf number by 133%.
- Taxon
- Begonia semperflorensBegonia cucullatat0
- Treatment
- M-3e0
- Interactor
- M-3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf numbere0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 133%e0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All bacterial treatments significantly improved plant growth and quality compared to the control group, with M-3 exhibiting the most pronounced effects, increasing plant height by 40%, leaf number by 133%, leaf area by 348%, and flower number by 61%.”
t0“Begonia semperflorens”
Claim · model-written summary
M-3 raised leaf area by 348%.
- Taxon
- Begonia semperflorensBegonia cucullatat0
- Treatment
- M-3e0
- Interactor
- M-3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 348%e0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All bacterial treatments significantly improved plant growth and quality compared to the control group, with M-3 exhibiting the most pronounced effects, increasing plant height by 40%, leaf number by 133%, leaf area by 348%, and flower number by 61%.”
t0“Begonia semperflorens”
Claim · model-written summary
M-3 raised flower number by 61%.
- Taxon
- Begonia semperflorensBegonia cucullatat0
- Treatment
- M-3e0
- Interactor
- M-3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- flower numbere0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 61%e0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All bacterial treatments significantly improved plant growth and quality compared to the control group, with M-3 exhibiting the most pronounced effects, increasing plant height by 40%, leaf number by 133%, leaf area by 348%, and flower number by 61%.”
t0“Begonia semperflorens”
Claim · model-written summary
A-16 enhanced crown width by 45%.
- Taxon
- Begonia semperflorensBegonia cucullatat0
- Treatment
- A-16e0
- Interactor
- A-16e0symbiont
- Outcome
- crown widthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A-16 enhanced crown width (45%) and flower stem length (26%), while MF-1 improved plant height (43%) and flower production (51%).”
t0“Begonia semperflorens”
Claim · model-written summary
A-16 enhanced flower stem length by 26%.
- Taxon
- Begonia semperflorensBegonia cucullatat0
- Treatment
- A-16e0
- Interactor
- A-16e0symbiont
- Outcome
- flower stem lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 26%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A-16 enhanced crown width (45%) and flower stem length (26%), while MF-1 improved plant height (43%) and flower production (51%).”
t0“Begonia semperflorens”
Claim · model-written summary
MF-1 improved plant height by 43%.
- Taxon
- Begonia semperflorensBegonia cucullatat0
- Treatment
- MF-1e0
- Interactor
- MF-1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A-16 enhanced crown width (45%) and flower stem length (26%), while MF-1 improved plant height (43%) and flower production (51%).”
t0“Begonia semperflorens”
Claim · model-written summary
MF-1 improved flower production by 51%.
- Taxon
- Begonia semperflorensBegonia cucullatat0
- Treatment
- MF-1e0
- Interactor
- MF-1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- flower productione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 51%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A-16 enhanced crown width (45%) and flower stem length (26%), while MF-1 improved plant height (43%) and flower production (51%).”
t0“Begonia semperflorens”
Claim · model-written summary
M-3 increased total leaf nitrogen by 43%.
- Taxon
- Begonia semperflorensBegonia cucullatat0
- Treatment
- M-3e0
- Interactor
- M-3e0symbiont
- Outcome
- total nitrogen in leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, M-3 increased total nitrogen in leaves by 43%, while bacterial treatments enhanced various elements in plant leaves.”
t0“Begonia semperflorens”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial treatments enhanced various elements in begonia leaves.
- Taxon
- Begonia semperflorensBegonia cucullatat0
- Treatment
- bacterial treatmentse0
- Outcome
- various elements in plant leavese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bacterial treatments enhanced various elements in plant leaves.”
t0“Begonia semperflorens”