Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) production is often limited by edaphic stresses, viz., drought, salinity and nutrient deficiencies. The root system architecture (RSA) in is essential for efficient water and nutrient acquisition and overall plant stability under adverse conditions. Thus, identifying maize genotypes with desirable root characteristics under stress is a valuable strategy for breeding maize with enhanced abiotic stress tolerance and improved resource-use efficiency. The hydroponics-based root phenotyping offers control over the root environment, reduced labour, and almost damage-free phenotyping over field-based phenotyping. Here, we have investigated the adaptive RSA plasticity of maize under drought, low nitrogen, salinity, and non-stress environments. The results revealed significant variability for all the RSA-associated and related traits. The salinity-stressed genotypes showed adaptive plasticity with enhanced average root diameter (AD), whereas the enhanced total root length (TRL) and surface area (SA) were reduced along with average root diameter under low-N stress. The RSA traits TRL (total root length), SA (surface area), RV (root volume), SFW (shoot fresh weight), SDW (shoot dry weight), RFW (root fresh weight) and RDW (root dry weight) showed positive and significant correlations across the stress conditions (0.47 to 0.99; p < 0.001 to 0.05). Conversely, AD showed significantly negative correlations with SRL (-0.70 to -0.95; p < 0.001) of genotypes, stress (environment) and genotypes × stress (environment) interactions suggested the possibility of developing stress-specific maize cultivars by selecting inbred lines with high adaptive plasticity to specific stress environments or broad adaptability by selecting lines with high stability across stress environments. The results suggested that the maize RSA adapts not only specific root types and traits to cope with various environmental stress conditions but also the strength and directions of trait association. Notably, inbreds SKV671 and CML597 exhibited superior performance for various RSA traits under drought and low nitrogen conditions, while PML93 and MG42 excelled in salinity stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Maize root traits showed significant variability.
- Outcome
- variability for all the RSA-associated and related traitse0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant variability for all the RSA-associated and related traits”
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress enhanced average root diameter in maize genotypes.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The salinity-stressed genotypes showed adaptive plasticity with enhanced average root diameter (AD)”
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen reduced total root length and surface area.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total root length (TRL) and surface area (SA) were reduced along with average root diameter under low-N stress”
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen also reduced average root diameter.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“surface area (SA) were reduced along with average root diameter under low-N stress”
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root and shoot growth traits showed positive significant correlations across stress conditions.
- Treatment
- stress conditionse0
- Outcome
- positive and significant correlationse0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Value
- 0.47 to 0.99e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The RSA traits TRL (total root length), SA (surface area), RV (root volume), SFW (shoot fresh weight), SDW (shoot dry weight), RFW (root fresh weight) and RDW (root dry weight) showed positive and significant correlations across the stress conditions (0.47 to 0.99; p < 0.001 to 0.05)”
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average root diameter was negatively correlated with specific root length.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AD showed significantly negative correlations with SRL (-0.70 to -0.95; p < 0.001)”
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SKV671 performed especially well for root traits under drought and low nitrogen.
- Material
- SKV671e0
- Treatment
- drought and low nitrogen conditionse0
- Outcome
- various RSA traitse0
- Direction
- superiore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inbreds SKV671 and CML597 exhibited superior performance for various RSA traits under drought and low nitrogen conditions”
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CML597 performed especially well for root traits under drought and low nitrogen.
- Material
- CML597e0
- Treatment
- drought and low nitrogen conditionse0
- Outcome
- various RSA traitse0
- Direction
- superiore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inbreds SKV671 and CML597 exhibited superior performance for various RSA traits under drought and low nitrogen conditions”
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PML93 excelled for root traits under salinity stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PML93 and MG42 excelled in salinity stress”
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
MG42 excelled for root traits under salinity stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PML93 and MG42 excelled in salinity stress”
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
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