Abstract
Enhancing the productivity of forage crops while maintaining soil health remains a critical objective in sustainable agriculture.Excessive application of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizers, particularly urea, has contributed to soil degradation and environmental concerns, prompting the need for biologically sustainable alternatives.In this study, the effects of substituting urea with bioorganic fertilizer on soil quality and forage yield in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum were investigated.A randomized block design (RBD) was employed with six substitution treatments: no fertilizer (T), 0% substitution (S0), and 25% (S1), 50% (S2), 75% (S3), and 100% (S4) substitution of urea-N with bioorganic fertilizer.Each treatment was replicated four times, resulting in 24 experimental plots.Parameters evaluated included soil properties, populations of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and growth and biomass characteristics of the forage association.Substitution treatments significantly improved soil fertility indices.The highest soil organic carbon (SOC) (3.23%) was observed in S3, while total N content (Total N) in S2, S3, and S4 exceeded that of T and S0.Available phosphorus (P) was greatest in S3 and S4, and the highest cation exchange capacity (CEC) (24.08 me 100 g -1 ) was recorded in S4.The S2 and S3 treatments yielded the highest leaf dry weights (1.55 and 1.49 kg plot -1 , respectively), stem dry weights (1.84 and 1.70 kg plot -1 ), and total dry forage weight (3.38 and 3.19 kg plot -1 ).Leaf-to-stem ratios and leaf areas in S2 and S3 were comparable to S0 and significantly greater than T. The lowest leaf area-to-total forage ratios (14.39 and 15.05 m kg -1 ) were also observed in these treatments.It was demonstrated that 50% and 75% substitution levels of urea-N with bioorganic fertilizer not only enhanced soil quality parameters but also significantly increased forage productivity compared to exclusive urea application.These findings underscore the potential of bioorganic fertilizer as a sustainable alternative to inorganic N sources, contributing to improved soil health, higher forage yields, and more resilient agroecosystems.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Substitution of urea-N with bioorganic fertilizer significantly improved soil fertility indices.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureum
.jpg?width=60)
Cenchrus purpureuse0 - Treatment
- Substitution treatmentse1
- Outcome
- soil fertility indicese1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e1“Substitution treatments significantly improved soil fertility indices”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest soil organic carbon (3.23%) was observed in treatment S3.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S3e3
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon (SOC)e2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 3.23%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e2“The highest soil organic carbon (SOC) (3.23%) was observed in S3”
e3“25% (S1), 50% (S2), 75% (S3), and 100% (S4) substitution of urea-N with bioorganic fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Total N content in S2, S3 and S4 exceeded that of T and S0.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S2, S3, and S4e3
- Outcome
- total N contente3
- Direction
- exceedede3
- Comparator
- T and S0e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e3“while total N content (Total N) in S2, S3, and S4 exceeded that of T and S0”
Claim · model-written summary
Available phosphorus was greatest in S3 and S4.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S3 and S4e4
- Outcome
- Available phosphorus (P)e4
- Direction
- greateste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e4“Available phosphorus (P) was greatest in S3 and S4”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest cation exchange capacity (24.08 me 100 g -1) was recorded in S4.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S4e5
- Outcome
- cation exchange capacity (CEC)e5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 24.08 me 100 g -1e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e5“the highest cation exchange capacity (CEC) (24.08 me 100 g -1 ) was recorded in S4”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment S2 yielded the highest leaf dry weight (1.55 kg plot -1).
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S2e6
- Outcome
- leaf dry weightse6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 1.55e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e6“The S2 and S3 treatments yielded the highest leaf dry weights (1.55 and 1.49 kg plot -1 , respectively), stem dry weights (1.84 and 1.70 kg plot -1 ), and total dry forage weight (3.38 and 3.19 kg plot -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment S3 yielded the highest leaf dry weight (1.49 kg plot -1).
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S3e6
- Outcome
- leaf dry weightse6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 1.49 kg plot -1e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e6“The S2 and S3 treatments yielded the highest leaf dry weights (1.55 and 1.49 kg plot -1 , respectively), stem dry weights (1.84 and 1.70 kg plot -1 ), and total dry forage weight (3.38 and 3.19 kg plot -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment S2 yielded the highest stem dry weight (1.84 kg plot -1).
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S2e6
- Outcome
- stem dry weightse6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 1.84e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e6“The S2 and S3 treatments yielded the highest leaf dry weights (1.55 and 1.49 kg plot -1 , respectively), stem dry weights (1.84 and 1.70 kg plot -1 ), and total dry forage weight (3.38 and 3.19 kg plot -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment S3 yielded the highest stem dry weight (1.70 kg plot -1).
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S3e6
- Outcome
- stem dry weightse6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 1.70 kg plot -1e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e6“The S2 and S3 treatments yielded the highest leaf dry weights (1.55 and 1.49 kg plot -1 , respectively), stem dry weights (1.84 and 1.70 kg plot -1 ), and total dry forage weight (3.38 and 3.19 kg plot -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment S2 yielded the highest total dry forage weight (3.38 kg plot -1).
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S2e6
- Outcome
- total dry forage weighte6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 3.38e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e6“The S2 and S3 treatments yielded the highest leaf dry weights (1.55 and 1.49 kg plot -1 , respectively), stem dry weights (1.84 and 1.70 kg plot -1 ), and total dry forage weight (3.38 and 3.19 kg plot -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment S3 yielded the highest total dry forage weight (3.19 kg plot -1).
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S3e6
- Outcome
- total dry forage weighte6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 3.19 kg plot -1e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e6“The S2 and S3 treatments yielded the highest leaf dry weights (1.55 and 1.49 kg plot -1 , respectively), stem dry weights (1.84 and 1.70 kg plot -1 ), and total dry forage weight (3.38 and 3.19 kg plot -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf areas in S2 and S3 were significantly greater than in T.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S2 and S3e7
- Outcome
- leaf arease7
- Direction
- significantly greatere7
- Comparator
- Te7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e7“Leaf-to-stem ratios and leaf areas in S2 and S3 were comparable to S0 and significantly greater than T”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf-to-stem ratios in S2 and S3 were comparable to S0.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S2 and S3e7
- Outcome
- Leaf-to-stem ratiose7
- Direction
- comparablee7
- Comparator
- S0e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e7“Leaf-to-stem ratios and leaf areas in S2 and S3 were comparable to S0 and significantly greater than T”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest leaf area-to-total forage ratios (14.39 and 15.05 m kg -1) were observed in S2 and S3.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- S2 and S3e6
- Outcome
- leaf area-to-total forage ratiose7
- Direction
- loweste7
- Value
- 14.39 and 15.05 m kg -1e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e6“The S2 and S3 treatments yielded the highest leaf dry weights (1.55 and 1.49 kg plot -1 , respectively), stem dry weights (1.84 and 1.70 kg plot -1 ), and total dry forage weight (3.38 and 3.19 kg plot -1 )”
e7“The lowest leaf area-to-total forage ratios (14.39 and 15.05 m kg -1 ) were also observed in these treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% and 75% substitution levels of urea-N with bioorganic fertilizer enhanced soil quality parameters compared with exclusive urea application.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- 50% and 75% substitution levels of urea-N with bioorganic fertilizere1
- Outcome
- soil quality parameterse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- exclusive urea applicatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e1“50% and 75% substitution levels of urea-N with bioorganic fertilizer not only enhanced soil quality parameters but also significantly increased forage productivity compared to exclusive urea application”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% and 75% substitution levels of urea-N with bioorganic fertilizer significantly increased forage productivity compared with exclusive urea application.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Treatment
- 50% and 75% substitution levels of urea-N with bioorganic fertilizere1
- Outcome
- forage productivitye1
- Direction
- significantly increasede1
- Comparator
- exclusive urea applicatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e1“50% and 75% substitution levels of urea-N with bioorganic fertilizer not only enhanced soil quality parameters but also significantly increased forage productivity compared to exclusive urea application”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioorganic fertilizer is a sustainable alternative to inorganic N sources.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureumCenchrus purpureuse0
- Outcome
- sustainable alternative to inorganic N sourcese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in an intercropping system of Pennisetum purpureum and Macroptilium atropurpureum”
e1“These findings underscore the potential of bioorganic fertilizer as a sustainable alternative to inorganic N sources”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.