Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a common toxic metal that causes severe health and environmental problems. However, the defensive role and underlying mechanism of combined biochar (BC) and melatonin (MT) against Pb stress are still unclear. Therefore, to fill this gap, this study investigated the impacts of BC and MT on rice growing in Pb-polluted soil. This study included different treatments: control, Pb stress (300 mg kg −1 ), Pb stress (300 mg kg −1 ) + BC (2%), Pb stress (300 mg kg −1 ) + MT (30 µM), and Pb stress (300 mg kg −1 ) + BC (2%) + MT (30 µM). Pb reduced rice growth and yield by hindering photosynthetic pigments, relative water contents (RWCs), osmolyte synthesis, nutrient uptake, increase in oxidative markers, and Pb accumulation. Biochar and MT increased rice productivity by increasing chlorophyll synthesis, osmolytes, and nutrient uptake and decreasing Pb accumulation. The co-application of BC and MT decreased Pb accumulation in the roots (30.40%) and shoots (72.79%), the translocation factor (30.01%), the biological accumulation coefficient (20.17%), and the soil Pb concentration (59.02%). The co-application of BC and MT enhanced proline (39.65%), soluble protein (47.09%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 26.47%), catalase (CAT; 65.51%), peroxidase (POD; 89.56%), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; 65.53%) activities, which ensured better productivity. Additionally, the BC+MT application increased the expression of antioxidant defense genes ( OsAPX , OsCAT , OsPOX , and OsSOD ) and decreased the expression of metal transporter genes ( OsHMA9 and OsNRAMP5 ), which protected the rice plants from damage caused by Pb toxicity. These results suggested that BC+MT could be a promising strategy to mitigate Pb toxicity and maintain sustainable and safer food production.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Lead stress reduced rice growth and yield and impaired several physiological traits.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Pbe0
- Outcome
- rice growth and yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb reduced rice growth and yield by hindering photosynthetic pigments, relative water contents (RWCs), osmolyte synthesis, nutrient uptake, increase in oxidative markers, and Pb accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and melatonin increased rice productivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Biochar and MTe0
- Outcome
- rice productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar and MT increased rice productivity by increasing chlorophyll synthesis, osmolytes, and nutrient uptake and decreasing Pb accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and melatonin increased chlorophyll synthesis, osmolytes and nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Biochar and MTe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll synthesis, osmolytes, and nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar and MT increased rice productivity by increasing chlorophyll synthesis, osmolytes, and nutrient uptake and decreasing Pb accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and melatonin decreased lead accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Biochar and MTe0
- Outcome
- Pb accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar and MT increased rice productivity by increasing chlorophyll synthesis, osmolytes, and nutrient uptake and decreasing Pb accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and melatonin reduced root lead accumulation by 30.40%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and MTe0
- Outcome
- Pb accumulation in the rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 30.40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of BC and MT decreased Pb accumulation in the roots (30.40%) and shoots (72.79%), the translocation factor (30.01%), the biological accumulation coefficient (20.17%), and the soil Pb concentration (59.02%).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and melatonin reduced shoot lead accumulation by 72.79%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and MTe0
- Outcome
- Pb accumulation in the roots (30.40%) and shootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 72.79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of BC and MT decreased Pb accumulation in the roots (30.40%) and shoots (72.79%), the translocation factor (30.01%), the biological accumulation coefficient (20.17%), and the soil Pb concentration (59.02%).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced the translocation factor by 30.01%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and MTe0
- Outcome
- translocation factore0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 30.01%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of BC and MT decreased Pb accumulation in the roots (30.40%) and shoots (72.79%), the translocation factor (30.01%), the biological accumulation coefficient (20.17%), and the soil Pb concentration (59.02%).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced the biological accumulation coefficient by 20.17%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and MTe0
- Outcome
- biological accumulation coefficiente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 20.17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of BC and MT decreased Pb accumulation in the roots (30.40%) and shoots (72.79%), the translocation factor (30.01%), the biological accumulation coefficient (20.17%), and the soil Pb concentration (59.02%).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced soil lead concentration by 59.02%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and MTe0
- Outcome
- soil Pb concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 59.02%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of BC and MT decreased Pb accumulation in the roots (30.40%) and shoots (72.79%), the translocation factor (30.01%), the biological accumulation coefficient (20.17%), and the soil Pb concentration (59.02%).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment raised proline by 39.65%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and MTe0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 39.65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of BC and MT enhanced proline (39.65%), soluble protein (47.09%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 26.47%), catalase (CAT; 65.51%), peroxidase (POD; 89.56%), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; 65.53%) activities, which ensured better productivity.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment raised soluble protein by 47.09%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and MTe0
- Outcome
- soluble proteine0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 47.09%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of BC and MT enhanced proline (39.65%), soluble protein (47.09%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 26.47%), catalase (CAT; 65.51%), peroxidase (POD; 89.56%), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; 65.53%) activities, which ensured better productivity.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment raised APX activity by 26.47%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and MTe0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 26.47%)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 26.47%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of BC and MT enhanced proline (39.65%), soluble protein (47.09%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 26.47%), catalase (CAT; 65.51%), peroxidase (POD; 89.56%), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; 65.53%) activities, which ensured better productivity.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment raised CAT activity by 65.51%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and MTe0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 65.51%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of BC and MT enhanced proline (39.65%), soluble protein (47.09%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 26.47%), catalase (CAT; 65.51%), peroxidase (POD; 89.56%), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; 65.53%) activities, which ensured better productivity.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment raised POD activity by 89.56%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and MTe0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 89.56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of BC and MT enhanced proline (39.65%), soluble protein (47.09%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 26.47%), catalase (CAT; 65.51%), peroxidase (POD; 89.56%), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; 65.53%) activities, which ensured better productivity.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment raised SOD activity by 65.53%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and MTe0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 65.53%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of BC and MT enhanced proline (39.65%), soluble protein (47.09%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 26.47%), catalase (CAT; 65.51%), peroxidase (POD; 89.56%), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; 65.53%) activities, which ensured better productivity.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased antioxidant defense gene expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BC+MT applicatione0
- Gene
- OsAPX , OsCAT , OsPOX , and OsSODe0
- Outcome
- expression of antioxidant defense genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the BC+MT application increased the expression of antioxidant defense genes ( OsAPX , OsCAT , OsPOX , and OsSOD )”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment decreased metal transporter gene expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BC+MTe1
- Gene
- OsHMA9 and OsNRAMP5e0
- Outcome
- expression of metal transporter genese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased the expression of metal transporter genes ( OsHMA9 and OsNRAMP5 )”
t0“biochar and melatonin application mitigates lead toxicity in rice”
e1“the BC+MT application increased the expression of antioxidant defense genes ( OsAPX , OsCAT , OsPOX , and OsSOD )”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend combined treatment to mitigate lead toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- BC+MT could be a promising strategy to mitigate Pb toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BC+MT could be a promising strategy to mitigate Pb toxicity and maintain sustainable and safer food production.”
t0“rice”
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See all 20 papers →8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.