Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Latex is usually a milky fluid but can also be clear, brown, or orange. It consists of organic compounds (rubber particles and primary and secondary metabolites) and proteins dispersed in an aqueous phase. Four latex fluids were examined through optical microscopy, and organic crystals were found. Crystal structures were observed in Plumeria rubra and P. pudica, while no crystal was found in the latex of Calotropis procera and Himatanthus drasticus . Various sizes and shapes of crystals, including raphides, styloids, crystalline sands, and prismatic forms, were documented. The structures were stable for a 96 h period at 25 °C. The relative abundance of crystal forms varied based on whether the latex was crude or water-diluted. All crystal forms related to P. pudica were identified as hydrated calcium malonate [Ca(C 3 H 2 O 4 )(H 2 O) 2 ]·2H 2 O, representing the first documentation of these structures in plants. Calcium malonate crystals also were identified in the latex of P. rubra, which were mainly in the forms of raphides and styloids. Nonetheless, the crystalline sands and prismatic forms found in P. rubra latex exhibited an additional carbon ring in their structure ([C 20 H 34 Ca 2 O 19 ]) identified as cerberic acid B. This result also represents the first report of calcium-containing cerberic acid B. The results were discussed based on the possible functions of these molecules within laticifers.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Crystals were observed in Plumeria rubra latex.
- Taxon
- Plumeria rubra
Plumeria rubrae0 - Outcome
- Crystal structurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crystal structures were observed in Plumeria rubra and P. pudica”
Claim · model-written summary
Crystals were observed in P. pudica latex.
- Taxon
- P. pudica
Plumeria pudicae0 - Outcome
- Crystal structurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crystal structures were observed in Plumeria rubra and P. pudica”
Claim · model-written summary
No crystals were found in Calotropis procera latex.
- Taxon
- Calotropis procera
.jpg?width=60)
Calotropis procerae0 - Outcome
- no crystal was founde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“no crystal was found in the latex of Calotropis procera and Himatanthus drasticus”
Claim · model-written summary
No crystals were found in Himatanthus drasticus latex.
- Taxon
- Himatanthus drasticus
Himatanthus drasticuse0 - Outcome
- no crystal was founde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no crystal was found in the latex of Calotropis procera and Himatanthus drasticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Plumeria latex crystals included raphides, styloids, crystalline sands and prismatic forms.
- Taxon
- Plumeria pudica and Plumeria rubraPlumeria rubraPlumeria pudicat0
- Outcome
- raphides, styloids, crystalline sands, and prismatic formse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various sizes and shapes of crystals, including raphides, styloids, crystalline sands, and prismatic forms, were documented”
t0“Plumeria pudica and Plumeria rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
Crystal structures remained stable for 96 hours at 25 °C.
- Taxon
- Plumeria pudica and Plumeria rubraPlumeria rubraPlumeria pudicat0
- Outcome
- structures were stablee0
- Value
- 96 he0
- Qualifier
- 25 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The structures were stable for a 96 h period at 25 °C”
t0“Plumeria pudica and Plumeria rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
Crystal form abundance varied between crude and diluted latex.
- Taxon
- Plumeria pudica and Plumeria rubraPlumeria rubraPlumeria pudicat0
- Treatment
- crude or water-dilutede0
- Outcome
- relative abundance of crystal formse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative abundance of crystal forms varied based on whether the latex was crude or water-diluted”
t0“Plumeria pudica and Plumeria rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
All observed P. pudica crystal forms were hydrated calcium malonate.
- Taxon
- P. pudicaPlumeria pudicae0
- Outcome
- hydrated calcium malonatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All crystal forms related to P. pudica were identified as hydrated calcium malonate [Ca(C 3 H 2 O 4 )(H 2 O) 2 ]·2H 2 O”
Claim · model-written summary
P. rubra latex contained calcium malonate crystals, mainly raphides and styloids.
- Taxon
- P. rubraPlumeria rubrae0
- Outcome
- Calcium malonate crystalse0
- Qualifier
- raphides and styloidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium malonate crystals also were identified in the latex of P. rubra, which were mainly in the forms of raphides and styloids”
Claim · model-written summary
P. rubra crystalline sands and prisms contained cerberic acid B.
- Taxon
- P. rubraPlumeria rubrae0
- Organ / stage
- latexe0
- Outcome
- cerberic acid Be0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the crystalline sands and prismatic forms found in P. rubra latex exhibited an additional carbon ring in their structure ([C 20 H 34 Ca 2 O 19 ]) identified as cerberic acid B”