Abstract
Background Increasing the induced-allelopathic potential of rice at the seedling stage by chemical induction is an important strategy in weed management. More in-depth work is needed to find inducing agents for effectively improving the weed-suppressive activity of allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice accessions via the modulation of root morphology and allelochemicals production. Methods Grown in Hoagland’s solution, two rice cultivars—allelopathic PI312777 (PI) and non-allelopathic Lemont (LE)—were treated using various phytohormones to evaluate root growth and allelopathic potential. Optimal phytohormones (ABA and EBL) were selected based on root growth responses. Extraction of rice leaf and root exudates, subsequently assessed on lettuce seedlings, revealed induced allelopathy. WinRHIZO software was used to investigate root morphologies; HPLC and GC-MS evaluated phenolic acids and terpenoids in rice tissues. The transcription of genes related to phenolic acid and terpenoid biosynthesis was measured by qPCR. ANOVA and correlation analysis were applied in data analysis. Results The results showed that the optimal induction conditions were abscisic acid (ABA, three µmol/L) or 24-epibrassinolide (EBL, 0.5 nmol/L) for 3 days. Under these conditions, the induced-allelopathy (IA) values of rice root exudates induced by three µmol/L ABA were 9.62% in PI31277, and 13.76% in Lemont, while the IA values of PI31277 and Lemont after 0.5 nmol/L EBL treatment were 7.83% and 11.51%, respectively. ABA mainly affected the root length and volume at 0–0.2 mm diameter, while EBL mostly affected root length and volume at 0–1.0 mm diameter. The total content of phenolic acids in root-exudates of PI31277 and Lemont induced by EBL were 1.16 and 2.33 times greater, respectively, while ABA induction also increased the phenolic acid content by 1.48 and 1.87 times, respectively. Most genes related to phenolic acid and terpenoid synthesis, such as PAL , C4H , F5H , MK , SQS , and PS , were upregulated after EBL induction, while most genes were downregulated after ABA treatment. Moreover, correlation analysis confirmed that root morphology, allelochemicals production, and related gene expression levels were significantly correlated with induced-allelopathy caused by ABA or EBL treatment.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Three µmol/L ABA for three days was an optimal induction condition.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“optimal induction conditions were abscisic acid (ABA, three µmol/L) or 24-epibrassinolide (EBL, 0.5 nmol/L) for 3 days”
Claim · model-written summary
A 0.5 nmol/L EBL treatment for three days was an optimal induction condition.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“optimal induction conditions were abscisic acid (ABA, three µmol/L) or 24-epibrassinolide (EBL, 0.5 nmol/L) for 3 days”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA induced rice root exudate allelopathy of 9.62% in PI31277.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- PI31277e0
- Treatment
- three µmol/L ABAe0
- Outcome
- induced-allelopathy (IA) valuese0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Value
- 9.62%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the induced-allelopathy (IA) values of rice root exudates induced by three µmol/L ABA were 9.62% in PI31277”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA induced rice root exudate allelopathy of 13.76% in Lemont.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Lemonte0
- Treatment
- three µmol/L ABAe0
- Outcome
- induced-allelopathy (IA) valuese0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Value
- 13.76%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the induced-allelopathy (IA) values of rice root exudates induced by three µmol/L ABA were 9.62% in PI31277, and 13.76% in Lemont”
Claim · model-written summary
EBL induced allelopathy of 7.83% in PI31277.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“IA values of PI31277 and Lemont after 0.5 nmol/L EBL treatment were 7.83% and 11.51%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
EBL induced allelopathy of 11.51% in Lemont.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“IA values of PI31277 and Lemont after 0.5 nmol/L EBL treatment were 7.83% and 11.51%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA mainly affected root length and volume at 0–0.2 mm diameter.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“ABA mainly affected the root length and volume at 0–0.2 mm diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
EBL mainly affected root length and volume at 0–1.0 mm diameter.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“EBL mostly affected root length and volume at 0–1.0 mm diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
EBL increased root-exudate phenolic acids 1.16-fold in PI31277.
- Material
- PI31277e0
- Treatment
- EBLe0
- Outcome
- total content of phenolic acids in root-exudatese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 1.16e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“total content of phenolic acids in root-exudates of PI31277 and Lemont induced by EBL were 1.16 and 2.33 times greater, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
EBL increased root-exudate phenolic acids 2.33-fold in Lemont.
- Material
- Lemonte0
- Treatment
- EBLe0
- Outcome
- total content of phenolic acids in root-exudatese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 2.33 timese0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“total content of phenolic acids in root-exudates of PI31277 and Lemont induced by EBL were 1.16 and 2.33 times greater, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased phenolic acid content 1.48-fold in PI31277.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“ABA induction also increased the phenolic acid content by 1.48 and 1.87 times, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased phenolic acid content 1.87-fold in Lemont.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“ABA induction also increased the phenolic acid content by 1.48 and 1.87 times, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
EBL upregulated most phenolic acid and terpenoid synthesis genes.
- Treatment
- EBL inductione0
- Gene
- PAL , C4H , F5H , MK , SQS , and PSe0
- Outcome
- genes related to phenolic acid and terpenoid synthesise0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Most genes related to phenolic acid and terpenoid synthesis, such as PAL , C4H , F5H , MK , SQS , and PS , were upregulated after EBL induction”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA downregulated most phenolic acid and terpenoid synthesis genes.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“most genes were downregulated after ABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Root morphology, allelochemical production and related gene expression significantly correlated with induced allelopathy.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“root morphology, allelochemicals production, and related gene expression levels were significantly correlated with induced-allelopathy caused by ABA or EBL treatment”
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