Comparative efficacy of herbicide-mixtures for efficient weed management and productivity enhancement of pre-Kharif greengram

Abstract

Early slow growing behaviour of short-duration greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) makes it a poor competitor against weeds and failure to take up timely weed control measures may lead to severe yield losses. Hence, the present study was taken up during the pre-Kharif seasons of 2022 and 2023 at Kalyani, West Bengal with an objective to assess different herbicide-mixes for their weed managing efficiency in greengram and improving productivity and profitability. Propaquizafop (2.5%) + imazethapyr (3.75%) w/w ME (propaquizafop + imazethapyr) 125 g/ha and quizalofop-ethyl (5% EC) + imazethapyr (10% SL) (quizalofop-ethyl + imazethapyr) 50+75g/ha at 15 days after sowing (DAS) were most effective against grasses. Clodinafop-propargyl (8%) + sodium-acifluorfen (16.5%) EC (clodinafop-propargyl + sodium-acifluorfen), irrespective of doses, significantly reduced growth of broad-leaved weeds. Imazamox (35%) + imazethapyr (35%) WG (imazamox + imazethapyr) 60 g/ha was most effective in controlling sedges. Clodinafop-propargyl + acifluorfen-sodium 245 g/ha, propaquizafop +imazethapyr 125 g/ha and quizalofop-ethyl+ imazethapyr (50+75 g/ha) showed similar efficacy in reducing overall weed growth recording higher weed control efficiency. Weed management with these treatments significantly increased greengram growth traits, greengram productivity and benefit cost ratio. The principal component analysis confirmed the superiority of those treatments. The identified effective herbicide-mixtures usage would help in successful inclusion of greengram in rice-wheat systems.

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Claims 12

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Propaquizafop (2.5%) + imazethapyr (3.75%) w/w ME (propaquizafop + imazethapyr) 125 g/ha controlled grasses.

Taxon: greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
Treatment: Propaquizafop (2.5%) + imazethapyr (3.75%) w/w ME (propaquizafop + imazethapyr) 125 g/hae0
Interactor: grassese0weed
Outcome: grassese0
Direction: most effectivee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Vigna radiata var. radiata* · Taxon · picture of the speciesIvar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0
“greengram”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 116–125 · show in text ↑

e0
“Propaquizafop (2.5%) + imazethapyr (3.75%) w/w ME (propaquizafop + imazethapyr) 125 g/ha and quizalofop-ethyl (5% EC) + imazethapyr (10% SL) (quizalofop-ethyl + imazethapyr) 50+75g/ha at 15 days after sowing (DAS) were most effective against grasses.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 467–717 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

quizalofop-ethyl (5% EC) + imazethapyr (10% SL) (quizalofop-ethyl + imazethapyr) 50+75g/ha controlled grasses.

Taxon: greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
Treatment: quizalofop-ethyl (5% EC) + imazethapyr (10% SL) (quizalofop-ethyl + imazethapyr) 50+75g/hae0
Interactor: grassese0weed
Outcome: grassese0
Direction: most effectivee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“greengram”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 116–125 · show in text ↑

e0
“Propaquizafop (2.5%) + imazethapyr (3.75%) w/w ME (propaquizafop + imazethapyr) 125 g/ha and quizalofop-ethyl (5% EC) + imazethapyr (10% SL) (quizalofop-ethyl + imazethapyr) 50+75g/ha at 15 days after sowing (DAS) were most effective against grasses.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 467–717 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Clodinafop-propargyl (8%) + sodium-acifluorfen (16.5%) EC controlled growth of broad-leaved weeds.

Taxon: greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
Treatment: Clodinafop-propargyl (8%) + sodium-acifluorfen (16.5%) ECe0
Interactor: broad-leaved weedse0weed
Outcome: growth of broad-leaved weedse0
Direction: reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“greengram”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 116–125 · show in text ↑

e0
“Clodinafop-propargyl (8%) + sodium-acifluorfen (16.5%) EC (clodinafop-propargyl + sodium-acifluorfen), irrespective of doses, significantly reduced growth of broad-leaved weeds.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 718–895 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Imazamox (35%) + imazethapyr (35%) WG (imazamox + imazethapyr) 60 g/ha controlled sedges.

Taxon: greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
Treatment: Imazamox (35%) + imazethapyr (35%) WG (imazamox + imazethapyr) 60 g/hae0
Interactor: sedgesCarexe0weed
Outcome: sedgese0
Direction: most effectivee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Carex* · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Christian Fischer · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0
“greengram”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 116–125 · show in text ↑

e0
“Imazamox (35%) + imazethapyr (35%) WG (imazamox + imazethapyr) 60 g/ha was most effective in controlling sedges.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 896–1008 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Clodinafop-propargyl + acifluorfen-sodium 245 g/ha reduced overall weed growth with higher weed control efficiency.

Taxon: greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
Treatment: Clodinafop-propargyl + acifluorfen-sodium 245 g/hae0
Interactor: weede0weed
Outcome: overall weed growthe0
Direction: reducinge0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“greengram”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 116–125 · show in text ↑

e0
“Clodinafop-propargyl + acifluorfen-sodium 245 g/ha, propaquizafop +imazethapyr 125 g/ha and quizalofop-ethyl+ imazethapyr (50+75 g/ha) showed similar efficacy in reducing overall weed growth recording higher weed control efficiency.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1009–1241 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

propaquizafop +imazethapyr 125 g/ha reduced overall weed growth with higher weed control efficiency.

Taxon: greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
Treatment: propaquizafop +imazethapyr 125 g/hae0
Interactor: weede0weed
Outcome: overall weed growthe0
Direction: reducinge0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“greengram”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 116–125 · show in text ↑

e0
“Clodinafop-propargyl + acifluorfen-sodium 245 g/ha, propaquizafop +imazethapyr 125 g/ha and quizalofop-ethyl+ imazethapyr (50+75 g/ha) showed similar efficacy in reducing overall weed growth recording higher weed control efficiency.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1009–1241 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

quizalofop-ethyl+ imazethapyr (50+75 g/ha) reduced overall weed growth with higher weed control efficiency.

Taxon: greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
Treatment: quizalofop-ethyl+ imazethapyr (50+75 g/ha)e0
Interactor: weede0weed
Outcome: overall weed growthe0
Direction: reducinge0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“greengram”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 116–125 · show in text ↑

e0
“Clodinafop-propargyl + acifluorfen-sodium 245 g/ha, propaquizafop +imazethapyr 125 g/ha and quizalofop-ethyl+ imazethapyr (50+75 g/ha) showed similar efficacy in reducing overall weed growth recording higher weed control efficiency.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1009–1241 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

These weed management treatments increased greengram growth traits.

Taxon: greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
Treatment: Weed management with these treatmentse0
Outcome: greengram growth traitse0
Direction: increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Weed management with these treatments significantly increased greengram growth traits, greengram productivity and benefit cost ratio.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1242–1375 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

These weed management treatments increased greengram productivity.

Taxon: greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
Treatment: Weed management with these treatmentse0
Outcome: greengram productivitye0
Direction: increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Weed management with these treatments significantly increased greengram growth traits, greengram productivity and benefit cost ratio.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1242–1375 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

These weed management treatments increased benefit cost ratio.

Taxon: greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
Treatment: Weed management with these treatmentse0
Outcome: benefit cost ratioe0
Direction: increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Weed management with these treatments significantly increased greengram growth traits, greengram productivity and benefit cost ratio.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1242–1375 · show in text ↑

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Principal component analysis confirmed superiority of the treatments.

Outcome: superiority of those treatmentse0
Comparator: those treatmentse0

Verbatim

e0
“The principal component analysis confirmed the superiority of those treatments.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1376–1455 · show in text ↑

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors propose using these herbicide mixtures to include greengram in rice-wheat systems.

Taxon: greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
Outcome: successful inclusion of greengram in rice-wheat systemse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The identified effective herbicide-mixtures usage would help in successful inclusion of greengram in rice-wheat systems.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1456–1576 · show in text ↑

Imazethapyr · weed · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results differ

50 papers: 49 positive, 1 negative or no effect

48 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Haloxyfop-p-methyl plus imazethapyr at 12–15 DAS remained at par with quizalofop-ethyl plus imazethapyr for weed density and dry matter in greengram.
Weed management through early post-emergence herbicides to improve productivity and nutrient uptake in greengram · 2018 · compared with quizalofop-ethyl 50 g/ha + imazethapyr 75 g/ha at 12–15 DAS
No difference from an alternative
positive
Imazethapyr at 75 g/ha at 15 DAS controlled weeds comparably to two hand weedings.
Efficacy of post-emergence herbicide imazethapyr for weed management in different mungbean (Vigna radiata) cultivars · 2014 · compared with two hand weedings
Same direction
positive
Imazamox + Imazethapyr (60 g a.i. ha−1) significantly increased green gram weed control efficiency to 81.3–85.1%.
Herbicidal management in monsoon green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) and its effect on the following rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. var. Yellow Sarson) in the Indo-Gangetic plains of Eastern India · 2020
Same direction

46 papers more in this group

See all 50 papers →

propaquizafop · weed · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results agree

5 papers: 5 positive, 0 negative or no effect

4 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Propaquizafop plus imazethapyr gave the lowest total weed density, 24.1/m2.
Weed control efficacy of different post-emergence herbicides in mungbean (Vigna radiata) in hot arid regions · 2001 · compared with other imazethapyr treatments and hand-weeding
Same direction
positive
Propaquizafop plus imazethapyr controlled weeds comparably to imazethapyr without adverse greengram growth or yield effects.
Evaluation of Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides in Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) during Kharif and Rabi Seasons in the Uplands of Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh · 2021 · compared with imazethapyr 10% @ 50g/ha
Same direction
positive
Fomesafen + propaquizafop 294 + 91 g/ha post-emergence gave significantly lower weed biomass at 45 DAS (11.65 g/m2) in greengram.
Effect of different post-emergence herbicides on weeds, crop yield and economics of greengram grown in rainy season · 2021
Same direction

1 paper more in this group

See all 5 papers →

clodinafop-propargyl · weed · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results agree

9 papers: 9 positive, 0 negative or no effect

8 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Sodium-acifluorfen plus clodinafop lowered weed density and biomass.
Efficacy of herbicides and their combinations in managing mixed weed flora effectively and economically in Rabi greengram · 2026 · compared with imazethapyr
Same directionCites this paper
positive
Acifluorfen sodium + Clodinafop propargyl (187.5 g a.i. ha−1) significantly increased green gram weed control efficiency to 90.5–92.9%.
Herbicidal management in monsoon green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) and its effect on the following rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. var. Yellow Sarson) in the Indo-Gangetic plains of Eastern India · 2020
Same direction
positive
Clodinafop plus sodium-acifluorfen reduced broad-leaved weed dry weight at 35 days by 55.8%.
Bio‐efficacy of different post‐emergence herbicides in mungbean · 2022 · compared with unweeded control
Same direction

5 papers more in this group

See all 9 papers →

herbicide · growth · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Positive and negative results

28 papers: 19 positive, 9 negative or no effect

18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction

no effect
At Ridgetown, the herbicides applied caused no decrease in mung bean height.
Tolerance of mung bean to postemergence herbicides · 2013
Opposite direction
no effect
Herbicide mixtures caused no residual toxicity in mungbean germination.
Comparative Efficacy of Herbicides Applied in Wheat and their Residual Effect on the Succeeding Crops · 2019
Opposite direction
no effect
Herbicide residues in wheat did not affect mungbean germination or growth.
Response of the succeeding crops as affected by the residue of herbicides applied in wheat in Old Brahmaputra Floodplain, Bangladesh · 2018
Opposite direction

24 papers more in this group

See all 28 papers →

herbicide · yield · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Positive and negative results

109 papers: 103 positive, 6 negative or no effect

102 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction

negative
The strongest significant seed yield reduction occurred with initial 20-day weed-free conditions followed by unchecked weed infestation up to 40 DAS and later.
Studies on Critical Period of Crop-Weed Competition in Green Gram in Kandi Region of Punjab · 2008
Opposite direction
negative
Halosulfuron applied postemergence at 70 g ai ha-1 decreased mung bean seed yield by 16% at Exeter.
Tolerance of mung bean to postemergence herbicides · 2013 · compared with untreated control
Opposite direction
no effect
Weed-control practices on the preceding mustard crop left the yield of succeeding summer greengram unaffected.
Effect of weed control and sulphur on yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and their residual effect on summer greengram (Phaseolus radiatus) · 2001
Opposite direction

105 papers more in this group

See all 109 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 12

The same questions in other papers

Imazethapyr · weed · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results differ

propaquizafop · weed · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results agree

clodinafop-propargyl · weed · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results agree

herbicide · growth · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Positive and negative results

herbicide · yield · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Positive and negative results