Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a globally important leguminous crop valued for its protein and oil content. However, its productivity is often limited by soil nutrient deficiencies and unsustainable reliance on chemical fertilizers. This study was conducted during the 2024 kharif season at VNMKV, Parbhani, under the All India Coordinated Research Project on National Seed Project (AICRP-NSP), to evaluate the efficacy of different liquid biofertilizers in enhancing seed yield and quality of soybean variety JS 20-116. The experiment comprised eight treatments including Rhizobium, Azospirillum, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), potassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB), Pseudomonas fluorescens, effective microorganisms (EM), state-recommended practices, and an untreated control, arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Significant variation was observed among treatments for emergence percentage, nodulation, plant height, pod number, grain yield, seed quality parameters, and economic returns. Rhizobium (T3) showed the highest emergence (83.6%) and nodulation (74.4 nodules/plant), while KSB (T6) recorded the tallest plants at harvest (50.2 cm), highest pod number (51.7 pods/plant), and highest grain yield per plant (13.2 g). The maximum seed yield per hectare was observed in the state-recommended package (T2: 25.5 q/ha), followed by KSB (25.0 q/ha) and Rhizobium (23.9 q/ha). Germination percentage and seedling vigor indices were also enhanced in Rhizobium and KSB treatments. The highest net monetary returns and benefit-cost ratios were recorded in T2, followed closely by KSB and Rhizobium. ACC-reductase activity, a marker for stress tolerance, was highest in T2 and T3. These results highlight the potential of liquid biofertilizers, particularly KSB and Rhizobium, as effective alternatives or complements to chemical inputs for sustainable soybean cultivation, offering improved yield, seed quality, and profitability under rainfed conditions.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments varied significantly in emergence, nodulation and plant height.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Outcome
- emergence percentage, nodulation, plant heighte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant variation was observed among treatments for emergence percentage, nodulation, plant height, pod number, grain yield, seed quality parameters, and economic returns.”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments varied significantly in pod number, grain yield and seed quality parameters.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- pod number, grain yield, seed quality parameterse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant variation was observed among treatments for emergence percentage, nodulation, plant height, pod number, grain yield, seed quality parameters, and economic returns.”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments varied significantly in economic returns.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- economic returnse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant variation was observed among treatments for emergence percentage, nodulation, plant height, pod number, grain yield, seed quality parameters, and economic returns.”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium gave the highest emergence, 83.6%.
RhizobiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizobium (T3) showed the highest emergence (83.6%) and nodulation (74.4 nodules/plant)”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium gave the highest nodulation, 74.4 nodules per plant.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Rhizobiume0
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 74.4 nodules/plante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizobium (T3) showed the highest emergence (83.6%) and nodulation (74.4 nodules/plant)”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
KSB produced the tallest plants at harvest, 50.2 cm.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- KSBe0
- Interactor
- potassium-solubilizing bacteriae2symbiont
- Outcome
- plants at harveste0
- Direction
- talleste0
- Value
- 50.2 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KSB (T6) recorded the tallest plants at harvest (50.2 cm), highest pod number (51.7 pods/plant), and highest grain yield per plant (13.2 g).”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e2“potassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB)”
Claim · model-written summary
KSB produced the highest pod number, 51.7 pods per plant.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- KSBe0
- Interactor
- potassium-solubilizing bacteriae2symbiont
- Outcome
- pod numbere0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 51.7 pods/plante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KSB (T6) recorded the tallest plants at harvest (50.2 cm), highest pod number (51.7 pods/plant), and highest grain yield per plant (13.2 g).”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e2“potassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB)”
Claim · model-written summary
KSB produced the highest grain yield per plant, 13.2 g.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- KSBe0
- Interactor
- potassium-solubilizing bacteriae2symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yield per plante0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 13.2 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KSB (T6) recorded the tallest plants at harvest (50.2 cm), highest pod number (51.7 pods/plant), and highest grain yield per plant (13.2 g).”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e2“potassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB)”
Claim · model-written summary
The state-recommended package gave maximum seed yield, 25.5 q/ha.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- state-recommended packagee0
- Outcome
- seed yield per hectaree0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 25.5 q/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum seed yield per hectare was observed in the state-recommended package (T2: 25.5 q/ha), followed by KSB (25.0 q/ha) and Rhizobium (23.9 q/ha).”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
KSB gave the second seed yield, 25.0 q/ha.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- KSBe0
- Interactor
- potassium-solubilizing bacteriae2symbiont
- Outcome
- seed yield per hectaree0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 25.0 q/hae0
- Comparator
- state-recommended packagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum seed yield per hectare was observed in the state-recommended package (T2: 25.5 q/ha), followed by KSB (25.0 q/ha) and Rhizobium (23.9 q/ha).”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e2“potassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium gave 23.9 q/ha seed yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Rhizobiume0
- Outcome
- seed yield per hectaree0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 23.9 q/hae0
- Comparator
- state-recommended packagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum seed yield per hectare was observed in the state-recommended package (T2: 25.5 q/ha), followed by KSB (25.0 q/ha) and Rhizobium (23.9 q/ha).”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium enhanced germination percentage and seedling vigor indices.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Rhizobiume0
- Outcome
- Germination percentage and seedling vigor indicese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination percentage and seedling vigor indices were also enhanced in Rhizobium and KSB treatments.”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
KSB enhanced germination percentage and seedling vigor indices.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- KSBe0
- Interactor
- potassium-solubilizing bacteriae2symbiont
- Outcome
- Germination percentage and seedling vigor indicese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination percentage and seedling vigor indices were also enhanced in Rhizobium and KSB treatments.”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e2“potassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB)”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 had the highest net monetary returns and benefit-cost ratios.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- net monetary returns and benefit-cost ratiose0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest net monetary returns and benefit-cost ratios were recorded in T2, followed closely by KSB and Rhizobium.”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
KSB closely followed T2 for net returns and benefit-cost ratios.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- KSBe0
- Outcome
- net monetary returns and benefit-cost ratiose0
- Direction
- followed closelye0
- Comparator
- T2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest net monetary returns and benefit-cost ratios were recorded in T2, followed closely by KSB and Rhizobium.”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium closely followed T2 for net returns and benefit-cost ratios.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Rhizobiume0
- Outcome
- net monetary returns and benefit-cost ratiose0
- Direction
- followed closelye0
- Comparator
- T2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest net monetary returns and benefit-cost ratios were recorded in T2, followed closely by KSB and Rhizobium.”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 had the highest ACC-reductase activity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- ACC-reductase activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACC-reductase activity, a marker for stress tolerance, was highest in T2 and T3.”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 had the highest ACC-reductase activity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- T3e0
- Outcome
- ACC-reductase activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACC-reductase activity, a marker for stress tolerance, was highest in T2 and T3.”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max L.)”
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