Abstract
The relevance of this study stems from the need to optimize primary soil tillage techniques for grain maize cultivation, as they have a substantial impact on agrophysical soil properties.This issue becomes particularly critical under conditions of unstable and insufficient moisture supply.Enhancing these soil properties is expected to improve the water regime and reduce weed pressure, thereby enabling stable and high yields.Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop effective tillage strategies for row crops, especially maize.The research was conducted in 2023 and 2024 in the left-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine, on low-humus typical chernozem.The study found that the highest reserves of productive moisture in the arable layer at the time of maize sowing were observed under plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm (18.4 mm), while the lowest moisture reserves were recorded under shallow disk tillage without soil inversion (16.0 mm).By the time of harvest, soil moisture reserves had dropped to critical levels in the arable horizon (0.6-1.2 mm), while the meter-deep layer retained 28.3-32.1 mm.At the maize emergence stage, soil bulk density remained within the optimal range across all tillage methods: plowing -1.13-1.22g/cm,deep loosening -1.16-1.26g/cm, heavy cultivator tillage (12-14 cm) -1.18-1.26g/cm, disk tillage (12-14 cm) -1.17-1.25 g/cm.However, from emergence to harvest, soil compaction increased more under plowing than under no-till methods.The highest maize grain yield -7.98 t ha -1 -was achieved with plowing to 20-22 cm.In contrast, deep loosening without soil turnover and no-till methods at 12-14 cm resulted in a significant yield reduction of 1.20-1.32t ha -1 .In terms of energy efficiency, the lowest energy efficiency ratio (2.4) was recorded under plowing.With reduced energy inputs in no-till systems without inversion, this ratio increased to 2.7-2.9.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing to 20-22 cm gave the highest productive moisture reserves in the arable layer at maize sowing (18.4 mm).
- Treatment
- plowing to a depth of 20-22 cme1
- Outcome
- reserves of productive moisture in the arable layere1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 18.4 mme1
- Comparator
- shallow disk tillage without soil inversione1
- Setting
- left-bank forest-steppe of Ukrainee2
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The study found that the highest reserves of productive moisture in the arable layer at the time of maize sowing were observed under plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm (18.4 mm), while the lowest moisture reserves were recorded under shallow disk tillage without soil inversion (16.0 mm)”
e2“The research was conducted in 2023 and 2024 in the left-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine, on low-humus typical chernozem”
Claim · model-written summary
Shallow disk tillage without soil inversion gave the lowest moisture reserves at maize sowing (16.0 mm).
- Treatment
- shallow disk tillage without soil inversione1
- Outcome
- moisture reservese1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 16.0 mme1
- Comparator
- plowing to a depth of 20-22 cme1
- Setting
- left-bank forest-steppe of Ukrainee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The study found that the highest reserves of productive moisture in the arable layer at the time of maize sowing were observed under plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm (18.4 mm), while the lowest moisture reserves were recorded under shallow disk tillage without soil inversion (16.0 mm)”
e2“The research was conducted in 2023 and 2024 in the left-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine, on low-humus typical chernozem”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest, soil moisture reserves in the arable horizon had dropped to critical levels (0.6-1.2 mm).
- Outcome
- soil moisture reservese1
- Value
- 0.6-1.2 mme1
- Qualifier
- arable horizone1
- Setting
- left-bank forest-steppe of Ukrainee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“By the time of harvest, soil moisture reserves had dropped to critical levels in the arable horizon (0.6-1.2 mm), while the meter-deep layer retained 28.3-32.1 mm”
e2“The research was conducted in 2023 and 2024 in the left-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine, on low-humus typical chernozem”
e3“grain maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest, the meter-deep soil layer retained 28.3-32.1 mm of soil moisture reserves.
- Outcome
- soil moisture reservese1
- Value
- 28.3-32.1 mme1
- Qualifier
- meter-deep layere1
- Setting
- left-bank forest-steppe of Ukrainee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“By the time of harvest, soil moisture reserves had dropped to critical levels in the arable horizon (0.6-1.2 mm), while the meter-deep layer retained 28.3-32.1 mm”
e2“The research was conducted in 2023 and 2024 in the left-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine, on low-humus typical chernozem”
e3“grain maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
From emergence to harvest, soil compaction increased more under plowing than under no-till methods.
- Treatment
- plowinge1
- Outcome
- soil compactione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- from emergence to harveste1
- Comparator
- no-till methodse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“However, from emergence to harvest, soil compaction increased more under plowing than under no-till methods”
e2“grain maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
At maize emergence, soil bulk density remained within the optimal range across all tillage methods.
- Organ / stage
- maize emergence stagee1
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye1
- Qualifier
- remained within the optimal rangee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“At the maize emergence stage, soil bulk density remained within the optimal range across all tillage methods”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing gave the lowest energy efficiency ratio (2.4) among the tillage methods.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In terms of energy efficiency, the lowest energy efficiency ratio (2.4) was recorded under plowing”
e2“grain maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
In no-till systems without inversion, the energy efficiency ratio increased to 2.7-2.9, compared with plowing.
- Treatment
- no-till systems without inversione1
- Outcome
- energy efficiency ratioe2
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 2.7-2.9e1
- Comparator
- plowinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“With reduced energy inputs in no-till systems without inversion, this ratio increased to 2.7-2.9”
e2“In terms of energy efficiency, the lowest energy efficiency ratio (2.4) was recorded under plowing”
e3“grain maize cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing to 20-22 cm gave the highest maize grain yield (7.98 t ha -1).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest maize grain yield -7.98 t ha -1 -was achieved with plowing to 20-22 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep loosening without soil turnover and no-till at 12-14 cm significantly reduced maize grain yield by 1.20-1.32 t ha -1 compared with plowing to 20-22 cm.
- Treatment
- deep loosening without soil turnover and no-till methods at 12-14 cme1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 1.20-1.32t ha -1e1
- Comparator
- plowing to 20-22 cme2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In contrast, deep loosening without soil turnover and no-till methods at 12-14 cm resulted in a significant yield reduction of 1.20-1.32t ha -1”
e2“The highest maize grain yield -7.98 t ha -1 -was achieved with plowing to 20-22 cm”
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See all 1,099 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.