Abstract
In semi-arid regions, the primary factors controlling the distribution of soil water and nitrate are soil texture and field management. However, determining the distribution of water and nitrates, as well as their impacts on water and crop productivity under combined management of irrigation and nitrogen practices, considering different soil texture types, remains challenging in the semi-arid region of Iraq. To overcome these challenges, this research was conducted to identify suitable combined field practices of irrigation systems and nitrogen applications, across different soil texture types, that could reduce soil water and nitrate leaching while promoting water and barley productivity using the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2). Field experiments and model simulations were utilized for different textural soils [Silty clay (SiC) and Sandy clay (SC)], two irrigation systems of (sprinkler and flooding), and two nitrogen application rates (100 and 200 kg N ha−1) during the 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 barley cultivation seasons, in western Baghdad, Iraq. The SC texture yielded a higher average soil water and nitrate flux toward groundwater, with increases of 6% and 32%, respectively. Combined sprinkler irrigation with a high nitrogen rate produced higher crop yield and water use efficiency, with 4% and 10% increases, respectively. The combination of a high nitrogen rate with a sprinkler irrigation system was the optimal field practice for enhancing soil water and nitrate distribution as well as water and barley productivity for both soil textures in the Iraqi semi-arid region.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Sandy clay increased soil water flux toward groundwater by 6%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The SC texture yielded a higher average soil water and nitrate flux toward groundwater, with increases of 6% and 32%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sandy clay increased nitrate flux toward groundwater by 32%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The SC texture yielded a higher average soil water and nitrate flux toward groundwater, with increases of 6% and 32%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkler irrigation with the high nitrogen rate raised barley crop yield by 4%.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- Combined sprinkler irrigation with a high nitrogen ratee0
- Outcome
- crop yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Combined sprinkler irrigation with a high nitrogen rate produced higher crop yield and water use efficiency, with 4% and 10% increases, respectively”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkler irrigation with the high nitrogen rate raised barley water use efficiency by 10%.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Combined sprinkler irrigation with a high nitrogen ratee0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined sprinkler irrigation with a high nitrogen rate produced higher crop yield and water use efficiency, with 4% and 10% increases, respectively”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify high nitrogen rate combined with sprinklers as the optimal practice for barley water and soil nitrate management in both textures.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- combination of a high nitrogen rate with a sprinkler irrigation systeme0
- Outcome
- optimal field practicee0
- Setting
- Iraqi semi-arid regione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of a high nitrogen rate with a sprinkler irrigation system was the optimal field practice for enhancing soil water and nitrate distribution as well as water and barley productivity for both soil textures in the Iraqi semi-arid region”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · yield · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Results differ
82 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
105 papers more in this group
See all 109 papers →nitrogen · physiology: water · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →irrigation · physiology: water · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →nitrogen · yield · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
251 papers in the same direction as this paper · 44 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
295 papers more in this group
See all 299 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.