Abstract
• Exogenous melatonin (100 µM) augments wheat resistance to Puccinia triticina through the upregulation of defense-related genes and activation of key signaling pathways. • Melatonin potentiates SA signaling pathway, upregulates antioxidant enzyme genes, and activates the MAPK cascade, and WRKY transcription factors, thereby reducing fungal colonization. • TaRAR1 is strongly upregulated during early stages of infection in incompatible interactions and is required for Lr10 -mediated resistance. • TaRAR1 silencing compromised TcLr10 resistance, resulting in reduced endogenous SA and melatonin levels, downregulated defense-related genes and reduced hydrogen peroxide accumulation. • Furthermore, silencing of TaRAR1 significantly downregulated TaSGT1 and TaHSP90 expression, indicating its key function as a cochaperone in stabilizing R -gene mediated defense signaling. Wheat leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina ( Pt ), continuously threatens global wheat production, causing considerable yield losses necessitating the implementation of effective management approaches. While conventional breeding and chemical control strategies have been used, priming agents and genetic regulators offer sustainable strategies for wheat leaf rust management. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a pleiotropic signaling molecule, induces plant innate immunity against abiotic and biotic stresses. This study demonstrates that exogenous melatonin (100 µM) enhances Lr10- mediated resistance to wheat leaf rust by upregulating TaRAR1 , salicylic acid downstream genes, antioxidant enzyme genes, MAPK cascade genes, and WRKY transcription factors during Pt infection. RAR1 serves as an initial convergence point in signaling pathways activated by several R genes. Herein, TaRAR1 was strongly upregulated during early stages of infection in incompatible interactions, and this was associated with increased endogenous SA and melatonin levels, correlating with enhanced defense responses. TaRAR1 silencing compromised TcLr10 resistance, reducing SA and melatonin levels, downregulating defense-related genes, and altering reactive oxygen species dynamics by increasing TaCAT expression and reducing hydrogen peroxide accumulation. TaRAR1 silencing also downregulated TaSGT1 , and TaHSP90 , suggesting its role in stabilizing NLR proteins. In conclusion, melatonin augments wheat resistance to leaf rust by upregulating TaRAR1 , SA signaling, and antioxidant defenses, with MAPK cascades and WRKY transcription factors amplifying downstream responses. This study provides novel insights into the integration of phytohormonal and genetic approaches for enhancing wheat resistance to leaf rust, offering strategies for sustainable disease management.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin enhanced Lr10-mediated wheat resistance to leaf rust during infection.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0e0 - Treatment
- exogenous melatonin (100 µM)e0
- Interactor
- Puccinia triticina
Puccinia triticinat0e0pathogen - Outcome
- Lr10- mediated resistance to wheat leaf ruste0
- Direction
- enhancese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous melatonin (100 µM) enhances Lr10- mediated resistance to wheat leaf rust”
t0“resistance to Puccinia triticina”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin upregulated TaRAR1, salicylic acid downstream genes, antioxidant genes, MAPK genes, and WRKY factors during infection.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- Pte0pathogen
- Gene
- TaRAR1e0
- Outcome
- TaRAR1 , salicylic acid downstream genes, antioxidant enzyme genese0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by upregulating TaRAR1 , salicylic acid downstream genes, antioxidant enzyme genes, MAPK cascade genes, and WRKY transcription factors during Pt infection.”
t0“Exogenous melatonin enhances Lr10-mediated resistance to Puccinia triticina”
e1“Wheat leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina ( Pt )”
Claim · model-written summary
TaRAR1 was strongly upregulated early in incompatible infections.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- Puccinia triticinaPuccinia triticinat0e0pathogen
- Gene
- TaRAR1e0
- Outcome
- TaRAR1e0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Qualifier
- early stages of infection in incompatible interactionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaRAR1 was strongly upregulated during early stages of infection in incompatible interactions”
t0“resistance to Puccinia triticina”
e1“Wheat leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina ( Pt )”
Claim · model-written summary
TaRAR1 upregulation was associated with greater endogenous SA and melatonin and enhanced defense.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- Puccinia triticinaPuccinia triticinae1pathogen
- Outcome
- endogenous SA and melatonin levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this was associated with increased endogenous SA and melatonin levels, correlating with enhanced defense responses.”
t0“TaRAR1 and potentiating salicylic acid pathway”
e1“Wheat leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina ( Pt )”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing TaRAR1 compromised TcLr10 resistance.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- TaRAR1 silencinge0
- Interactor
- Puccinia triticinaPuccinia triticinat0e0pathogen
- Gene
- TaRAR1e0
- Outcome
- TcLr10 resistancee0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herein, TaRAR1 was strongly upregulated during early stages of infection in incompatible interactions, and this was associated with increased endogenous SA and melatonin levels, correlating with enhanced defense responses. TaRAR1 silencing compromised TcLr10 resistance”
t0“resistance to Puccinia triticina”
e1“Wheat leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina ( Pt )”
Claim · model-written summary
TaRAR1 silencing reduced SA and melatonin levels.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- TaRAR1 silencinge0
- Interactor
- Puccinia triticinaPuccinia triticinat0e0pathogen
- Outcome
- SA and melatonin levelse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaRAR1 silencing compromised TcLr10 resistance, reducing SA and melatonin levels”
t0“resistance to Puccinia triticina”
e1“Wheat leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina ( Pt )”
Claim · model-written summary
TaRAR1 silencing downregulated defense-related genes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- TaRAR1 silencinge0
- Interactor
- Puccinia triticinaPuccinia triticinat0e0pathogen
- Outcome
- defense-related genese0
- Direction
- downregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaRAR1 silencing compromised TcLr10 resistance, reducing SA and melatonin levels, downregulating defense-related genes”
t0“resistance to Puccinia triticina”
e1“Wheat leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina ( Pt )”
Claim · model-written summary
TaRAR1 silencing increased TaCAT expression.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- TaRAR1 silencinge0
- Interactor
- Puccinia triticinaPuccinia triticinat0e0pathogen
- Outcome
- TaCAT expressione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaRAR1 silencing compromised TcLr10 resistance, reducing SA and melatonin levels, downregulating defense-related genes, and altering reactive oxygen species dynamics by increasing TaCAT expression and reducing hydrogen peroxide accumulation.”
t0“resistance to Puccinia triticina”
e1“Wheat leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina ( Pt )”
Claim · model-written summary
TaRAR1 silencing reduced hydrogen peroxide accumulation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- TaRAR1 silencinge0
- Interactor
- Puccinia triticinaPuccinia triticinae1pathogen
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaRAR1 silencing compromised TcLr10 resistance, reducing SA and melatonin levels, downregulating defense-related genes, and altering reactive oxygen species dynamics by increasing TaCAT expression and reducing hydrogen peroxide accumulation.”
t0“resistance to Puccinia triticina”
e1“Wheat leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina ( Pt )”
Claim · model-written summary
TaRAR1 silencing downregulated TaSGT1 and TaHSP90.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- TaRAR1 silencinge0
- Interactor
- Puccinia triticinaPuccinia triticinat0e0pathogen
- Outcome
- TaSGT1 , and TaHSP90e0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaRAR1 silencing also downregulated TaSGT1 , and TaHSP90”
t0“resistance to Puccinia triticina”
e1“Wheat leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina ( Pt )”
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