Abstract
A split-plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in two years to study the effect of melatonin on the biochemical properties and the gene expression related to antioxidant enzyme activity in bread wheat. Irrigation levels (normal (FC = 80%)), mild stress (FC = 60%), and severe stress (FC = 40%)) were assigned to the main plots, and melatonin foliar applications (zero, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μM) were assigned to Subplots. Results showed that, with the intensification of water stress, the 1000 kernel weight decreased, and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase enzyme and flavonoid content increased. Also, the level of 100 μM melatonin had the highest 1000 kernel weight, flavonoid content, and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity. In this study, the highest number of grains per spike, biological yield, grain yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde recorded for foliar treatment with 50 μM of melatonin under normal irrigation conditions and the highest proline content, total phenol, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were allocated to the 100 μM melatonin foliar treatment under severe water stress conditions. The synergistic effect of water deficit stress and melatonin foliar application increased the activity and expression level of genes related to antioxidant enzymes. So, the content of superoxide dismutase (21.30% and 65.16% respectively) and catalase (50.60% and 54.44% respectively) enzyme activity increased significantly under 100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application in water severe water stress compared to the corresponding control treatment. Furthermore, mentioned melatonin levels increased the gene expression levels of superoxide dismutase (16.67% and 38.19% respectively), ascorbate peroxides (73.76% and 47.57% respectively), polyphenol oxidase (39.32 and 51.15%) and catalase (39.95% and 50.0% respectively) under an extreme water shortage compared with corresponding control treatment. In general, the application of 100- and 150-mM melatonin induced resistance to water deficit stress in wheat by increasing the expression of antioxidant genes.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Intensifying water stress decreased wheat 1000 kernel weight.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- intensification of water stresse0
- Outcome
- 1000 kernel weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the intensification of water stress, the 1000 kernel weight decreased”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Intensifying water stress increased wheat ascorbate peroxidase activity and flavonoid content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- intensification of water stresse0
- Outcome
- activity of ascorbate peroxidase enzyme and flavonoid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the intensification of water stress, the 1000 kernel weight decreased, and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase enzyme and flavonoid content increased.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
100 μM melatonin gave the highest wheat kernel weight, flavonoid content and ascorbate peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 100 μM melatonine0
- Outcome
- 1000 kernel weight, flavonoid content, and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the level of 100 μM melatonin had the highest 1000 kernel weight, flavonoid content, and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
50 μM melatonin under normal irrigation gave the highest grains per spike, biological yield and grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar treatment with 50 μM of melatonine0
- Outcome
- number of grains per spike, biological yield, grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- normal irrigation conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest number of grains per spike, biological yield, grain yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde recorded for foliar treatment with 50 μM of melatonin under normal irrigation conditions”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
50 μM melatonin under normal irrigation gave the highest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar treatment with 50 μM of melatonine0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoidse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- normal irrigation conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest number of grains per spike, biological yield, grain yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde recorded for foliar treatment with 50 μM of melatonin under normal irrigation conditions”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
50 μM melatonin under normal irrigation gave the lowest malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar treatment with 50 μM of melatonine0
- Outcome
- amount of malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- normal irrigation conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest amount of malondialdehyde recorded for foliar treatment with 50 μM of melatonin under normal irrigation conditions”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
100 μM melatonin under severe stress gave the highest proline and total phenol.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 100 μM melatonin foliar treatmente0
- Outcome
- proline content, total phenole0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- severe water stress conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest proline content, total phenol, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were allocated to the 100 μM melatonin foliar treatment under severe water stress conditions.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
100 μM melatonin under severe stress gave the highest superoxide dismutase and catalase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 100 μM melatonin foliar treatmente0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase, and catalasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- severe water stress conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest proline content, total phenol, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were allocated to the 100 μM melatonin foliar treatment under severe water stress conditions.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit and melatonin synergistically increased antioxidant enzyme activity and gene expression.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water deficit stress and melatonin foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- activity and expression level of genes related to antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The synergistic effect of water deficit stress and melatonin foliar application increased the activity and expression level of genes related to antioxidant enzymes.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
100-mM melatonin significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity by 21.30% under severe water stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 100-e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.30%e0
- Qualifier
- water severe water stresse0
- Comparator
- corresponding control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (21.30% and 65.16% respectively) and catalase (50.60% and 54.44% respectively) enzyme activity increased significantly under 100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application in water severe water stress compared to the corresponding control treatment.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
150-mM melatonin significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity by 65.16% under severe water stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 150-mM melatonin foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 65.16%e0
- Qualifier
- water severe water stresse0
- Comparator
- corresponding control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (21.30% and 65.16% respectively) and catalase (50.60% and 54.44% respectively) enzyme activity increased significantly under 100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application in water severe water stress compared to the corresponding control treatment.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
100-mM melatonin significantly increased catalase activity by 50.60% under severe water stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 100-e0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 50.60%e0
- Qualifier
- water severe water stresse0
- Comparator
- corresponding control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (50.60% and 54.44% respectively) enzyme activity increased significantly under 100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application in water severe water stress compared to the corresponding control treatment.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
150-mM melatonin significantly increased catalase activity by 54.44% under severe water stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 150-mM melatonin foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 54.44%e0
- Qualifier
- water severe water stresse0
- Comparator
- corresponding control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (50.60% and 54.44% respectively) enzyme activity increased significantly under 100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application in water severe water stress compared to the corresponding control treatment.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
100-mM melatonin increased superoxide dismutase expression by 16.67% during extreme water shortage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 100-e1
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- gene expression levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.67%e0
- Qualifier
- extreme water shortagee0
- Comparator
- corresponding control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mentioned melatonin levels increased the gene expression levels of superoxide dismutase (16.67% and 38.19% respectively), ascorbate peroxides (73.76% and 47.57% respectively), polyphenol oxidase (39.32 and 51.15%) and catalase (39.95% and 50.0% respectively) under an extreme water shortage compared with corresponding control treatment.”
e1“100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
150-mM melatonin increased superoxide dismutase expression by 38.19% during extreme water shortage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 150-mM melatonin foliar applicatione1
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- gene expression levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38.19%e0
- Qualifier
- extreme water shortagee0
- Comparator
- corresponding control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mentioned melatonin levels increased the gene expression levels of superoxide dismutase (16.67% and 38.19% respectively), ascorbate peroxides (73.76% and 47.57% respectively), polyphenol oxidase (39.32 and 51.15%) and catalase (39.95% and 50.0% respectively) under an extreme water shortage compared with corresponding control treatment.”
e1“100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
100-mM melatonin increased ascorbate peroxides expression by 73.76% during extreme water shortage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 100-e1
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidese0
- Outcome
- gene expression levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 73.76%e0
- Qualifier
- extreme water shortagee0
- Comparator
- corresponding control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mentioned melatonin levels increased the gene expression levels of superoxide dismutase (16.67% and 38.19% respectively), ascorbate peroxides (73.76% and 47.57% respectively), polyphenol oxidase (39.32 and 51.15%) and catalase (39.95% and 50.0% respectively) under an extreme water shortage compared with corresponding control treatment.”
e1“100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
150-mM melatonin increased ascorbate peroxides expression by 47.57% during extreme water shortage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 150-mM melatonin foliar applicatione1
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidese0
- Outcome
- gene expression levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 47.57%e0
- Qualifier
- extreme water shortagee0
- Comparator
- corresponding control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mentioned melatonin levels increased the gene expression levels of superoxide dismutase (16.67% and 38.19% respectively), ascorbate peroxides (73.76% and 47.57% respectively), polyphenol oxidase (39.32 and 51.15%) and catalase (39.95% and 50.0% respectively) under an extreme water shortage compared with corresponding control treatment.”
e1“100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
100-mM melatonin increased polyphenol oxidase expression by 39.32 and catalase expression by 39.95% during extreme water shortage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 100-e1
- Gene
- polyphenol oxidasee0
- Outcome
- gene expression levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39.32e0
- Qualifier
- catalase (39.95% and 50.0% respectively) under an extreme water shortagee0
- Comparator
- corresponding control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mentioned melatonin levels increased the gene expression levels of superoxide dismutase (16.67% and 38.19% respectively), ascorbate peroxides (73.76% and 47.57% respectively), polyphenol oxidase (39.32 and 51.15%) and catalase (39.95% and 50.0% respectively) under an extreme water shortage compared with corresponding control treatment.”
e1“100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
150-mM melatonin increased polyphenol oxidase expression by 51.15% and catalase expression by 50.0% during extreme water shortage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 150-mM melatonin foliar applicatione1
- Gene
- polyphenol oxidasee0
- Outcome
- gene expression levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 51.15%e0
- Qualifier
- catalase (39.95% and 50.0% respectively) under an extreme water shortagee0
- Comparator
- corresponding control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mentioned melatonin levels increased the gene expression levels of superoxide dismutase (16.67% and 38.19% respectively), ascorbate peroxides (73.76% and 47.57% respectively), polyphenol oxidase (39.32 and 51.15%) and catalase (39.95% and 50.0% respectively) under an extreme water shortage compared with corresponding control treatment.”
e1“100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that 100- and 150-mM melatonin induced wheat water-deficit resistance through antioxidant gene expression.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- application of 100- and 150-mM melatonine0
- Outcome
- resistance to water deficit stresse0
- Qualifier
- increasing the expression of antioxidant genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of 100- and 150-mM melatonin induced resistance to water deficit stress in wheat by increasing the expression of antioxidant genes.”
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See all 53 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.