Abstract
Abstract Background Drought has become a dangerous threat to reduce crop productivity throughout the world. Exogenous applications of regulators, micronutrients, and/or osmoprotectants for inducing drought-tolerance in field crops have been effectively adopted. A controlled pot study was performed to investigate the relative efficacy of salicylic acid (SA), zinc (Zn), and glycine betaine (GB) as foliar applications on the growth, tissues pigments content, relative water content (RWC), leaf gas-exchange, antioxidant enzymes activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, osmolytes contents, and the yield parameters of wheat plants subjected to two soil water conditions (85% field capacity: well-watered, 50% field capacity: water-deficient) during reproductive growth stages. Results Water deficient conditions significantly decreased the growth, yield parameters, RWC, photosynthesis pigment, and gas-exchange attributes except for intercellular CO 2 concentration. However, foliar applications remarkably improved the growth and yield parameters under water deficit conditions. Under drought condition, exogenous applications of SA, Zn, and GB increased the grain yield pot − 1 by 27.99, 15.23 and 37.36%, respectively, as compared to the control treatment. Drought stress statistically increased the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion radical (O 2 •− ), and malonaldehyde (MDA), and elevated the harmful oxidation to cell lipids in plants, however, they were considerably reduced by foliar applications. Foliar applications of SA, Zn, and GB decreased MDA content by 29.09, 16.64 and 26.51% under drought stress, respectively, as compared to the control treatment. Activities of all antioxidant enzymes, proline content, and soluble sugar were increased in response to foliar applications under water deficit conditions. Conclusions Overall, foliar application of GB, SA, and Zn compounds improved the drought-tolerance in wheat by decreasing the ROS accumulation, promoting enzymatic antioxidants, and increasing osmolytes accumulation. Finally, GB treatment was most effective in thoroughly assessed parameters of wheat followed by SA and Zn applications to alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit significantly decreased growth, yield, relative water content, pigments and gas exchange except intercellular CO2.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Water deficient conditionse0
- Outcome
- growth, yield parameters, RWC, photosynthesis pigment, and gas-exchange attributese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- except for intercellular CO 2 concentratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Water deficient conditions significantly decreased the growth, yield parameters, RWC, photosynthesis pigment, and gas-exchange attributes except for intercellular CO 2 concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar applications improved growth and yield under water deficit.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- growth and yield parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under water deficit conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“foliar applications remarkably improved the growth and yield parameters under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
SA increased grain yield per pot by 27.99%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- grain yield pot − 1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.99e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“applications of SA, Zn, and GB increased the grain yield pot − 1 by 27.99, 15.23 and 37.36%, respectively, as compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn increased grain yield per pot by 15.23%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- grain yield pot − 1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.23e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“applications of SA, Zn, and GB increased the grain yield pot − 1 by 27.99, 15.23 and 37.36%, respectively, as compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GB increased grain yield per pot by 37.36%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- grain yield pot − 1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.36%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“applications of SA, Zn, and GB increased the grain yield pot − 1 by 27.99, 15.23 and 37.36%, respectively, as compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and MDA contents and lipid oxidation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- contents of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion radical (O 2 •− ), and malonaldehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Drought stress statistically increased the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion radical (O 2 •− ), and malonaldehyde (MDA), and elevated the harmful oxidation to cell lipids in plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar applications reduced the drought-induced oxidative measures.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- theye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“they were considerably reduced by foliar applications”
Claim · model-written summary
SA decreased MDA by 29.09% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 29.09e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Foliar applications of SA, Zn, and GB decreased MDA content by 29.09, 16.64 and 26.51% under drought stress, respectively, as compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn decreased MDA by 16.64% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16.64e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Foliar applications of SA, Zn, and GB decreased MDA content by 29.09, 16.64 and 26.51% under drought stress, respectively, as compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GB decreased MDA by 26.51% under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 26.51%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Foliar applications of SA, Zn, and GB decreased MDA content by 29.09, 16.64 and 26.51% under drought stress, respectively, as compared to the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments increased antioxidant enzyme activities, proline and soluble sugar under water deficit.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- Activities of all antioxidant enzymes, proline content, and soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Activities of all antioxidant enzymes, proline content, and soluble sugar were increased in response to foliar applications under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
GB was most effective overall, followed by SA and Zn.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- GB treatmente0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Comparator
- SA and Zn applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“GB treatment was most effective in thoroughly assessed parameters of wheat followed by SA and Zn applications”
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See all 128 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.