Abstract
Improving water use efficiency (WUE) is an important subject in agricultural irrigation for alleviating the scarcity of water resources in semiarid regions of the North China Plain. Moreover, glycine betaine (GB) is one of the most effective compatible solutes synthesized naturally in plants for enhancing stress tolerance under abiotic stress, but little information is available on the involvement of GB in regulating crop WUE under field conditions. This study was conducted to explore the role of exogenously applied GB in improving WUE and plant physiological and biochemical responses in winter wheat subjected to conventional or limited irrigation during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons. Exogenous application of GB significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide under limited irrigation conditions. Furthermore, GB-treated plants maintained higher leaf relative water content and membrane stability, which led to higher chlorophyll content and gas exchange attributes for better intrinsic and instantaneous water use efficiencies compared to control plants under limited irrigation conditions. GB-treated plants had higher indole-acetic acid and zeatin riboside levels but lower ABA levels compared to control plants under conventional and limited irrigation conditions. Additionally, GB enhanced the grain filling rate and duration, grain number per spike, and final grain weight, which resulted in higher grain yield compared to the control. Interestingly, GB significantly improved the integrative and photosynthetic WUE under conventional and limited irrigation conditions, although GB treatment did not markedly affect total water consumption. These results suggest the involvement of GB in improving WUEs in winter wheat by modulating hormonal balance, membrane stability, photosynthetic performance and antioxidant systems to maintain higher grain yield under conventional and limited irrigation conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous glycine betaine significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in winter wheat under limited irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Exogenous application of GBe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- under limited irrigation conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of GB significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide under limited irrigation conditions”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous glycine betaine reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in winter wheat under limited irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of GBe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- under limited irrigation conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of GB significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide under limited irrigation conditions”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GB-treated plants maintained higher leaf relative water content and membrane stability than control plants under limited irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water content and membrane stabilitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under limited irrigation conditionse0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB-treated plants maintained higher leaf relative water content and membrane stability, which led to higher chlorophyll content and gas exchange attributes for better intrinsic and instantaneous water use efficiencies compared to control plants under limited irrigation conditions”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GB-treated plants had higher chlorophyll content and gas exchange attributes than control plants under limited irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and gas exchange attributese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under limited irrigation conditionse0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB-treated plants maintained higher leaf relative water content and membrane stability, which led to higher chlorophyll content and gas exchange attributes for better intrinsic and instantaneous water use efficiencies compared to control plants under limited irrigation conditions”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GB gave better intrinsic and instantaneous water use efficiencies than control plants under limited irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- intrinsic and instantaneous water use efficienciese0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- under limited irrigation conditionse0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB-treated plants maintained higher leaf relative water content and membrane stability, which led to higher chlorophyll content and gas exchange attributes for better intrinsic and instantaneous water use efficiencies compared to control plants under limited irrigation conditions”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GB-treated winter wheat had higher indole-acetic acid and zeatin riboside levels than control plants under conventional and limited irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- indole-acetic acid and zeatin riboside levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under conventional and limited irrigation conditionse0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB-treated plants had higher indole-acetic acid and zeatin riboside levels but lower ABA levels compared to control plants under conventional and limited irrigation conditions”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GB-treated winter wheat had lower ABA levels than control plants under conventional and limited irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- ABA levelse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- under conventional and limited irrigation conditionse0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB-treated plants had higher indole-acetic acid and zeatin riboside levels but lower ABA levels compared to control plants under conventional and limited irrigation conditions”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GB enhanced the grain filling rate and duration of winter wheat compared with the control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- grain filling rate and duratione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB enhanced the grain filling rate and duration, grain number per spike, and final grain weight, which resulted in higher grain yield compared to the control”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GB enhanced grain number per spike and final grain weight of winter wheat compared with the control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- grain number per spike, and final grain weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB enhanced the grain filling rate and duration, grain number per spike, and final grain weight, which resulted in higher grain yield compared to the control”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GB resulted in higher grain yield of winter wheat compared with the control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB enhanced the grain filling rate and duration, grain number per spike, and final grain weight, which resulted in higher grain yield compared to the control”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GB significantly improved integrative and photosynthetic water use efficiency of winter wheat under conventional and limited irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- integrative and photosynthetic WUEe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under conventional and limited irrigation conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB significantly improved the integrative and photosynthetic WUE under conventional and limited irrigation conditions”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GB treatment did not markedly affect total water consumption of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GB treatmente0
- Outcome
- total water consumptione0
- Direction
- did not markedly affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although GB treatment did not markedly affect total water consumption”
t0“in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.