Paper · 2025 · Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology

Foliar Application of Glycine Betaine and Cytokinins Regulates Photosynthetic Attributes and Final Biological Yield in Wheat Under Drought Stress

Aparjot Kaur; S. K. Thind; Gurwinder Singh

7
claims
14
verbatim quotes
0
citations
2
research areas
✓
Open access

Abstract

Drought stress creates numerous of physiological and biochemical changes in plant that affects its life cycle and final production. The present trial was intended to inspect the effect of foliar application of cytokinins like benzyl adenine (BA) and kinetin (Kn) in combination with osmoprotectants like Glycine betaine (GB) at two different stages i.e. vegetative stage (VS) and flag leaf stage (FLS) on various photosynthetic parameters and final biological yield of drought-stressed wheat genotypes. The study was carried out on the basis of a completely random block design (CRBD) with 6 treatments and 3 replications. Under drought stress, a significant decreased net leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and Intercellular CO2 concentration has been observed. Foliar application of both cytokinins along with GB had an ameliorative effect on photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2. A significant increase was recorded in total chlorophyll content and carotenoid content of wheat genotypes with exogenous application of GB along with Kn and BA. Exogenous application of GB @ 100mM along with Kn @ 40mg/L was observed surplus effective in the amelioration of the negative impact of drought stress in all studied genotypes of wheat.

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Claims 7

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Drought stress significantly decreased wheat net leaf photosynthetic rate.

Treatment
drought stresse0
Outcome
net leaf photosynthetic ratee0
Direction
decreasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 119–124 · show in text ↑
e0

“Under drought stress, a significant decreased net leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and Intercellular CO2 concentration has been observed.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 623–757 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Drought stress significantly decreased wheat intercellular CO2 concentration.

Treatment
drought stresse0
Outcome
Intercellular CO2 concentratione0
Direction
decreasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 119–124 · show in text ↑
e0

“Under drought stress, a significant decreased net leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and Intercellular CO2 concentration has been observed.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 623–757 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar cytokinins with glycine betaine ameliorated wheat photosynthetic rate under drought.

Treatment
Foliar application of both cytokinins along with GBe0
Outcome
photosynthetic ratee0
Direction
ameliorativee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 119–124 · show in text ↑
e0

“Foliar application of both cytokinins along with GB had an ameliorative effect on photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 758–882 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar cytokinins with glycine betaine ameliorated wheat intercellular CO2 under drought.

Treatment
Foliar application of both cytokinins along with GBe0
Outcome
intercellular CO2e0
Direction
ameliorativee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 119–124 · show in text ↑
e0

“Foliar application of both cytokinins along with GB had an ameliorative effect on photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 758–882 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

GB with Kn and BA significantly increased wheat total chlorophyll content.

Treatment
exogenous application of GB along with Kn and BAe0
Outcome
total chlorophyll contente0
Direction
increasee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 119–124 · show in text ↑
e0

“A significant increase was recorded in total chlorophyll content and carotenoid content of wheat genotypes with exogenous application of GB along with Kn and BA.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 883–1044 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

GB with Kn and BA significantly increased wheat carotenoid content.

Treatment
exogenous application of GB along with Kn and BAe0
Outcome
carotenoid contente0
Direction
increasee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 119–124 · show in text ↑
e0

“A significant increase was recorded in total chlorophyll content and carotenoid content of wheat genotypes with exogenous application of GB along with Kn and BA.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 883–1044 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

GB at 100mM with Kn at 40mg/L was especially effective in ameliorating drought impact across the wheat genotypes.

Treatment
GB @ 100mM along with Kn @ 40mg/Le0
Outcome
amelioration of the negative impact of drought stresse0
Direction
surplus effectivee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 119–124 · show in text ↑
e0

“Exogenous application of GB @ 100mM along with Kn @ 40mg/L was observed surplus effective in the amelioration of the negative impact of drought stress in all studied genotypes of wheat.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1045–1230 · show in text ↑

N-benzyladenine · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

19 papers: 18 positive, 1 negative or no effect

17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. positive
  3. positive

15 papers more in this group

See all 19 papers →

glycine betaine · physiology: gas exchange · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

4 papers: 4 positive, 0 negative or no effect

3 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive
See all 4 papers →

glycine betaine · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

6 papers: 6 positive, 0 negative or no effect

5 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

2 papers more in this group

See all 6 papers →

glycine betaine · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree

14 papers: 14 positive, 0 negative or no effect

13 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

10 papers more in this group

See all 14 papers →

application · physiology: gas exchange · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

23 papers: 21 positive, 2 negative or no effect

20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. positive

19 papers more in this group

See all 23 papers →

application · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

72 papers: 70 positive, 2 negative or no effect

69 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

  1. negative
  2. no effect
  3. positive

68 papers more in this group

See all 72 papers →

drought · physiology: gas exchange · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

76 papers: 5 positive, 71 negative or no effect

70 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

72 papers more in this group

See all 76 papers →

drought · physiology: photosynthesis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

246 papers: 41 positive, 205 negative or no effect

204 papers in the same direction as this paper · 41 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

242 papers more in this group

See all 246 papers →

8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.