Abstract
Heavy metals including iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) pollution in soil is threatening the ecological environment and crop yield. In this experiment, photosynthetic characteristics, stomatal microstructure and proline (Pro) metabolism in wheat variety 'Xihan 3' seedlings were assessed to explore the mechanism of phytotoxicity induced by various combinations of zinc (Zn), Fe and Cu. Compared with the control, Zn + Fe, Zn + Cu, Fe + Cu and Zn + Fe + Cu treatments obviously lowered the shoot and root lengths, reduced leaf area and root number, along with the increases of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals levels and relative conductivity in wheat leaves. The net photosynthetic rate also lessened with the decreases of chlorophyll (Chl) level, Chl fluorescence parameters, stomatal conductance and stomatal length and width under these combined treatments. Additionally, different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cu increased the amount of osmotic regulators including Pro in wheat roots, up-regulated Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS), glutamate kinase, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) activities and TaP5CS, TaP5CR and TaOAT expression, but down-regulated Pro dehydrogenase (ProDH) activity and TaProDH expression. Taken together, different combined treatments of Zn, Fe and Cu severely restricted root and leaf development through enhancing oxidative damage and weakening photosynthetic efficiency in wheat leaves, and the combined treatment-caused Pro accumulation in wheat roots could achieved through both glutamate and ornithine synthesis pathway and attenuated Pro degradation.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Combined metal treatments reduced wheat shoot and root length, leaf area and root number.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Xihan 3e1
- Treatment
- Zn + Fe, Zn + Cu, Fe + Cu and Zn + Fe + Cu treatmentse0
- Outcome
- shoot and root lengths, reduced leaf area and root numbere0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, Zn + Fe, Zn + Cu, Fe + Cu and Zn + Fe + Cu treatments obviously lowered the shoot and root lengths, reduced leaf area and root number”
t0“wheat”
e1“In this experiment, photosynthetic characteristics, stomatal microstructure and proline (Pro) metabolism in wheat variety 'Xihan 3' seedlings were assessed to explore the mechanism of phytotoxicity induced by various combinations of zinc (Zn), Fe and Cu. Compared with the control, Zn + Fe, Zn + Cu, Fe + Cu and Zn + Fe + Cu treatments obviously lowered the shoot and root lengths”
e2“different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cu increased the amount of osmotic regulators including Pro in wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined metal treatments increased oxidative damage markers and relative conductivity in leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Zn + Fe, Zn + Cu, Fe + Cu and Zn + Fe + Cu treatmentse1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals levels and relative conductivitye0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“along with the increases of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals levels and relative conductivity in wheat leaves.”
t0“wheat”
e1“In this experiment, photosynthetic characteristics, stomatal microstructure and proline (Pro) metabolism in wheat variety 'Xihan 3' seedlings were assessed to explore the mechanism of phytotoxicity induced by various combinations of zinc (Zn), Fe and Cu. Compared with the control, Zn + Fe, Zn + Cu, Fe + Cu and Zn + Fe + Cu treatments obviously lowered the shoot and root lengths”
e2“different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cu increased the amount of osmotic regulators including Pro in wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined metals reduced net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, fluorescence, stomatal conductance and stomatal dimensions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- these combined treatmentse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- lessenede0
- Qualifier
- decreases of chlorophyll (Chl) level, Chl fluorescence parameters, stomatal conductance and stomatal length and widthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate also lessened with the decreases of chlorophyll (Chl) level, Chl fluorescence parameters, stomatal conductance and stomatal length and width under these combined treatments.”
t0“wheat”
e1“In this experiment, photosynthetic characteristics, stomatal microstructure and proline (Pro) metabolism in wheat variety 'Xihan 3' seedlings were assessed to explore the mechanism of phytotoxicity induced by various combinations of zinc (Zn), Fe and Cu. Compared with the control, Zn + Fe, Zn + Cu, Fe + Cu and Zn + Fe + Cu treatments obviously lowered the shoot and root lengths”
e2“different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cu increased the amount of osmotic regulators including Pro in wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined metals increased proline and other osmotic regulators in wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cue0
- Outcome
- amount of osmotic regulators including Proe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cu increased the amount of osmotic regulators including Pro in wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined metals upregulated P5CS, glutamate kinase, P5CR and OAT activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cue2
- Outcome
- Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS), glutamate kinase, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) activitiese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“up-regulated Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS), glutamate kinase, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) activities”
t0“wheat”
e1“In this experiment, photosynthetic characteristics, stomatal microstructure and proline (Pro) metabolism in wheat variety 'Xihan 3' seedlings were assessed to explore the mechanism of phytotoxicity induced by various combinations of zinc (Zn), Fe and Cu. Compared with the control, Zn + Fe, Zn + Cu, Fe + Cu and Zn + Fe + Cu treatments obviously lowered the shoot and root lengths”
e2“different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cu increased the amount of osmotic regulators including Pro in wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined metals upregulated TaP5CS, TaP5CR and TaOAT expression.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cue2
- Outcome
- TaP5CS, TaP5CR and TaOAT expressione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaP5CS, TaP5CR and TaOAT expression”
t0“wheat”
e1“In this experiment, photosynthetic characteristics, stomatal microstructure and proline (Pro) metabolism in wheat variety 'Xihan 3' seedlings were assessed to explore the mechanism of phytotoxicity induced by various combinations of zinc (Zn), Fe and Cu. Compared with the control, Zn + Fe, Zn + Cu, Fe + Cu and Zn + Fe + Cu treatments obviously lowered the shoot and root lengths”
e2“different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cu increased the amount of osmotic regulators including Pro in wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined metals downregulated ProDH activity and TaProDH expression.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cue2
- Outcome
- Pro dehydrogenase (ProDH) activity and TaProDH expressione0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“down-regulated Pro dehydrogenase (ProDH) activity and TaProDH expression.”
t0“wheat”
e1“In this experiment, photosynthetic characteristics, stomatal microstructure and proline (Pro) metabolism in wheat variety 'Xihan 3' seedlings were assessed to explore the mechanism of phytotoxicity induced by various combinations of zinc (Zn), Fe and Cu. Compared with the control, Zn + Fe, Zn + Cu, Fe + Cu and Zn + Fe + Cu treatments obviously lowered the shoot and root lengths”
e2“different combinations of Zn, Fe and Cu increased the amount of osmotic regulators including Pro in wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute restricted root and leaf development to oxidative damage and weakened photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- different combined treatments of Zn, Fe and Cue0
- Outcome
- root and leaf developmente0
- Qualifier
- enhancing oxidative damage and weakening photosynthetic efficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different combined treatments of Zn, Fe and Cu severely restricted root and leaf development through enhancing oxidative damage and weakening photosynthetic efficiency in wheat leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute root proline accumulation to glutamate and ornithine synthesis and reduced degradation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- Pro accumulation in wheat rootse0
- Qualifier
- both glutamate and ornithine synthesis pathway and attenuated Pro degradatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined treatment-caused Pro accumulation in wheat roots could achieved through both glutamate and ornithine synthesis pathway and attenuated Pro degradation.”
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