Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lemna aequinoctialis is a floating plant with potential uses as food, feed, biofuel, biomass, and pharmaceutical resources. In this study, we examined the effect of various concentrations of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) on the growth, metabolomic, and transcriptomic profiles of L. aequinoctialis cultures. RESULTS: IPA significantly improved the growth of L. aequinoctialis culture and altered its metabolome and transcriptome profiles. It also increased the cellular production of aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, serotonin, tryptophan, and phytosterols. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 7,490 genes were significantly altered by the 10 µM IPA treatment. Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling indicated that the IPA treatment notably altered the major pathways of 'glycerolipid metabolism', 'glutathione metabolism', 'β-alanine metabolism', 'alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism', and 'starch and sucrose metabolism'. The highest productivities of serotonin, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol were observed on day 28 following treatment with 10 µM IPA. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the application of IPA to L. aequinoctialis cultures significantly enhanced the growth and production of useful metabolites by affecting various metabolic pathways. This study is the first to investigate the biological effects of IPA on L. aequinoctialis, through an integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics. This could facilitate the large-scale cultivation of L. aequinoctialis for the application in various fields of agriculture and biotechnology including food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
IPA significantly improved culture growth.
- Taxon
- L. aequinoctialis
Lemna aequinoctialise0 - Treatment
- IPAe0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IPA significantly improved the growth of L. aequinoctialis culture”
Claim · model-written summary
IPA altered the metabolome.
- Taxon
- Lemna aequinoctialisLemna aequinoctialist0
- Treatment
- indole-3-propionic acidt0
- Outcome
- metabolomee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“altered its metabolome and transcriptome profiles”
t0“indole-3-propionic acid treatment in Lemna aequinoctialis culture”
Claim · model-written summary
IPA altered the transcriptome.
- Taxon
- L. aequinoctialisLemna aequinoctialise0
- Treatment
- IPAe0
- Outcome
- transcriptome profilese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IPA significantly improved the growth of L. aequinoctialis culture and altered its metabolome and transcriptome profiles”
Claim · model-written summary
IPA increased aspartate, glutamate and glutamine production.
- Taxon
- Lemna aequinoctialisLemna aequinoctialist0
- Treatment
- indole-3-propionic acidt0
- Outcome
- cellular production of aspartate, glutamate, glutaminee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also increased the cellular production of aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, serotonin, tryptophan, and phytosterols.”
t0“indole-3-propionic acid treatment in Lemna aequinoctialis culture”
Claim · model-written summary
IPA increased serotonin, tryptophan and phytosterol production.
- Taxon
- Lemna aequinoctialisLemna aequinoctialist0
- Treatment
- indole-3-propionic acidt0
- Outcome
- serotonin, tryptophan, and phytosterolse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also increased the cellular production of aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, serotonin, tryptophan, and phytosterols.”
t0“indole-3-propionic acid treatment in Lemna aequinoctialis culture”
Claim · model-written summary
10 µM IPA significantly altered 7,490 genes.
- Taxon
- Lemna aequinoctialisLemna aequinoctialist0
- Treatment
- 10 µM IPA treatmente0
- Outcome
- genese0
- Value
- 7,490 genese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“7,490 genes were significantly altered by the 10 µM IPA treatment”
t0“Lemna aequinoctialis culture”
Claim · model-written summary
IPA altered glycerolipid, glutathione and β-alanine metabolism.
- Taxon
- Lemna aequinoctialisLemna aequinoctialist0
- Treatment
- IPA treatmente0
- Outcome
- major pathwayse0
- Qualifier
- glycerolipid metabolisme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IPA treatment notably altered the major pathways of 'glycerolipid metabolism', 'glutathione metabolism', 'β-alanine metabolism'”
t0“Lemna aequinoctialis culture”
Claim · model-written summary
IPA altered alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism.
- Taxon
- Lemna aequinoctialisLemna aequinoctialist0
- Treatment
- indole-3-propionic acidt0
- Outcome
- alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolisme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism', and 'starch and sucrose metabolism'”
t0“indole-3-propionic acid treatment in Lemna aequinoctialis culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Serotonin productivity was highest on day 28 after 10 µM IPA.
- Taxon
- Lemna aequinoctialisLemna aequinoctialist0
- Treatment
- 10 µM IPAe0
- Outcome
- productivities of serotonine0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- day 28e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest productivities of serotonin, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol were observed on day 28 following treatment with 10 µM IPA.”
t0“Lemna aequinoctialis culture”
Claim · model-written summary
β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol productivity was highest on day 28 after 10 µM IPA.
- Taxon
- Lemna aequinoctialisLemna aequinoctialist0
- Treatment
- 10 µM IPAe0
- Outcome
- productivities of serotonin, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterole0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- day 28e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest productivities of serotonin, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol were observed on day 28 following treatment with 10 µM IPA.”
t0“Lemna aequinoctialis culture”