Abstract
The purpose of this work is to present the results of fi eld studies on the effectiveness of applying different primary tillage systems for soybean cultivation in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine and the infl uence of agrometeorological conditions during the growing season on biological grain yield. Methods. The studies were conducted using four primary tillage systems: traditional (A1), conservative (A2), mulching (A3), and no-till (A4). Soybean cultivation technology in the experiments was traditional for the research area, except for the studied factors. The effectiveness of the tillage systems was determined by assessing the biological yield of soybean and its structure. Biological grain yield was determined from sample sheaves collected in triplicate for each variant. The main elements of yield structure for each variant were identifi ed during the analysis of the sample sheaves. Statistical data processing was performed using correlation analysis. Agrometeorological conditions during the soybean growing season were assessed using data from the Bila Tserkva weather station. Results. Among the studied primary tillage systems for soybean cultivation, the traditional system with plowing showed the highest biological grain yield. Replacing moldboard plowing (traditional system) and deep loosening (conservative system) with shallow tillage negatively affected the biological yield. The average biological soybean grain yield over the research years was 2.76 t/ha, ranging from a minimum of 1.82 t/ha (2018, no-till system) to a maximum of 3.88 t/ha (2021, traditional primary tillage system). During the research period, a signifi cant increase in average daily temperatures was observed in all summer months: June increased by 2.0 ºC, July by 1.1 ºC, and August by 2.0 ºC. Correlation analysis indicated that changes in average daily temperatures are refl ected in soybean biological grain yields. The strength of the relationship depends on the soybean growth and development phase and the primary tillage system used in the cultivation technology. Over the past ten years, the amount of atmospheric precipitation and its distribution have signifi cantly changed, especially in the summer months, as indicated by the trend line and comparison with actual data from the previous thirty years of observations: the average precipitation sum for June decreased by 23.2 mm, for July by 19.4 mm, and for August by 34.4 mm. Conclusions. The biological yield of soybean grain is related to the year’s conditions (r = 0.418) and the primary tillage system (r = 0.404): a decrease in tillage depth and the abandonment of moldboard plowing lead to a reduction in the biological grain yield formed by soybean phytocenoses. Changes in average daily temperatures are refl ected in soybean biological grain yields. The strength of the relationship depends on the soybean growth and development phase and the primary tillage system used in the cultivation technology. An increase in temperature in May (emergence – early branching phase) and August (grain fi lling – ripening phase) negatively affects the biological soybean grain yield, as evidenced by correlation coeffi cients of r = –0.370 and r = –0.303, respectively. There is a moderate direct correlation (r = 0.343) between biological yield and the average daily air temperature in June, and a weak direct correlation (r = 0.111) between biological soybean grain yield and the average daily air temperature in July. According to correlation analysis data, the amount of atmospheric precipitation during the vegetative development of soybean (May – June) practically does not affect the biological grain yield.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Traditional plowing showed the highest soybean biological grain yield among the tillage systems.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- traditional system with plowinge1
- Outcome
- biological grain yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- studied primary tillage systemse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e1“Among the studied primary tillage systems for soybean cultivation, the traditional system with plowing showed the highest biological grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing moldboard plowing and deep loosening with shallow tillage negatively affected soybean biological yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shallow tillagee2
- Outcome
- biological yielde2
- Direction
- negatively affectede2
- Comparator
- moldboard plowing (traditional system) and deep loosening (conservative system)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e2“Replacing moldboard plowing (traditional system) and deep loosening (conservative system) with shallow tillage negatively affected the biological yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The average soybean biological grain yield over the research years was 2.76 t/ha.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Outcome
- The average biological soybean grain yielde3
- Value
- 2.76 t/hae3
- Qualifier
- over the research yearse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e3“The average biological soybean grain yield over the research years was 2.76 t/ha, ranging from a minimum of 1.82 t/ha (2018, no-till system) to a maximum of 3.88 t/ha (2021, traditional primary tillage system)”
Claim · model-written summary
The minimum soybean biological grain yield was 1.82 t/ha, in 2018 under no-till.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Outcome
- biological soybean grain yielde3
- Value
- 1.82 t/hae3
- Qualifier
- 2018, no-till systeme3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e3“The average biological soybean grain yield over the research years was 2.76 t/ha, ranging from a minimum of 1.82 t/ha (2018, no-till system) to a maximum of 3.88 t/ha (2021, traditional primary tillage system)”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum soybean biological grain yield was 3.88 t/ha, in 2021 under traditional primary tillage.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Outcome
- biological soybean grain yielde3
- Value
- 3.88 t/hae3
- Qualifier
- 2021, traditional primary tillage systeme3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e3“The average biological soybean grain yield over the research years was 2.76 t/ha, ranging from a minimum of 1.82 t/ha (2018, no-till system) to a maximum of 3.88 t/ha (2021, traditional primary tillage system)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average daily temperature in June increased by 2.0 ºC over the research period.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- average daily temperaturese4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 2.0 ºCe4
- Qualifier
- Junee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e4“During the research period, a signifi cant increase in average daily temperatures was observed in all summer months: June increased by 2.0 ºC, July by 1.1 ºC, and August by 2.0 ºC”
Claim · model-written summary
Average daily temperature in July increased by 1.1 ºC over the research period.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- average daily temperaturese4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 1.1 ºCe4
- Qualifier
- Julye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e4“During the research period, a signifi cant increase in average daily temperatures was observed in all summer months: June increased by 2.0 ºC, July by 1.1 ºC, and August by 2.0 ºC”
Claim · model-written summary
Average daily temperature in August increased by 2.0 ºC over the research period.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- average daily temperaturese4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 2.0 ºCe4
- Qualifier
- Auguste4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e4“During the research period, a signifi cant increase in average daily temperatures was observed in all summer months: June increased by 2.0 ºC, July by 1.1 ºC, and August by 2.0 ºC”
Claim · model-written summary
The average precipitation sum for June decreased by 23.2 mm over the past ten years.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- average precipitation sume5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 23.2 mme5
- Qualifier
- Junee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e5“the average precipitation sum for June decreased by 23.2 mm, for July by 19.4 mm, and for August by 34.4 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
The average precipitation sum for July decreased by 19.4 mm over the past ten years.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- average precipitation sume5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 19.4 mme5
- Qualifier
- Julye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e5“the average precipitation sum for June decreased by 23.2 mm, for July by 19.4 mm, and for August by 34.4 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
The average precipitation sum for August decreased by 34.4 mm over the past ten years.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- average precipitation sume5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 34.4 mme5
- Qualifier
- Auguste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e5“the average precipitation sum for June decreased by 23.2 mm, for July by 19.4 mm, and for August by 34.4 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean biological yield is related to the year conditions (r = 0.418).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- year’s conditionse0
- Outcome
- biological yield of soybean graine0
- Value
- r = 0.418e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The biological yield of soybean grain is related to the year’s conditions (r = 0.418) and the primary tillage system (r = 0.404)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean biological yield is related to the primary tillage system (r = 0.404).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- primary tillage systeme0
- Outcome
- biological yield of soybean graine0
- Value
- r = 0.404e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The biological yield of soybean grain is related to the year’s conditions (r = 0.418) and the primary tillage system (r = 0.404)”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreasing tillage depth and abandoning moldboard plowing are associated with a reduction in soybean biological grain yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- a decrease in tillage depth and the abandonment of moldboard plowinge1
- Outcome
- biological grain yielde1
- Direction
- reductione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e1“a decrease in tillage depth and the abandonment of moldboard plowing lead to a reduction in the biological grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
An increase in May temperature negatively affects soybean biological grain yield (r = –0.370).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Organ / stage
- emergence – early branching phasee2
- Treatment
- increase in temperature in Maye2
- Outcome
- biological soybean grain yielde2
- Direction
- negatively affectse2
- Value
- r = –0.370e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“An increase in temperature in May (emergence – early branching phase) and August (grain fi lling – ripening phase) negatively affects the biological soybean grain yield, as evidenced by correlation coeffi cients of r = –0.370 and r = –0.303, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
An increase in August temperature negatively affects soybean biological grain yield (r = –0.303).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Organ / stage
- grain fi lling – ripening phasee2
- Treatment
- increase in temperaturee2
- Outcome
- biological soybean grain yielde2
- Direction
- negatively affectse2
- Value
- r = –0.303e2
- Qualifier
- August (grain fi lling – ripening phase)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“An increase in temperature in May (emergence – early branching phase) and August (grain fi lling – ripening phase) negatively affects the biological soybean grain yield, as evidenced by correlation coeffi cients of r = –0.370 and r = –0.303, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Average daily air temperature in June has a moderate direct correlation with soybean biological yield (r = 0.343).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- average daily air temperature in Junee1
- Outcome
- biological yielde1
- Direction
- direct correlatione1
- Value
- r = 0.343e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY”
e1“There is a moderate direct correlation (r = 0.343) between biological yield and the average daily air temperature in June”
Claim · model-written summary
Average daily air temperature in July has a weak direct correlation with soybean biological grain yield (r = 0.111).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- average daily air temperature in Julye1
- Outcome
- biological soybean grain yielde1
- Direction
- direct correlatione1
- Value
- r = 0.111e1
- Qualifier
- weake1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“a weak direct correlation (r = 0.111) between biological soybean grain yield and the average daily air temperature in July”
Claim · model-written summary
Precipitation during May and June vegetative development practically does not affect soybean biological grain yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- amount of atmospheric precipitation during the vegetative development of soybean (May – June)e1
- Outcome
- biological grain yielde1
- Direction
- does not affecte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the amount of atmospheric precipitation during the vegetative development of soybean (May – June) practically does not affect the biological grain yield”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
263 papers in the same direction as this paper · 100 in the opposite direction · 26 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
386 papers more in this group
See all 390 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.