Abstract
Lycium barbarum L. (goji berry), a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, depends heavily on nitrogen input to maintain productivity. Nitrogen application also profoundly influences rhizosphere microbial dynamics, which are critical for soil health and plant performance. This study aimed to investigate how the rhizosphere fungal community responds to nitrogen input and explore the potential role of beneficial fungi (e.g., Chaetomium) in goji berry rhizosphere enrichment. A field experiment with four nitrogen levels (0, 53.82, 67.62, and 80.73 g·N m−2·year−1, designated as N0, N1, N2, and N3) was conducted to analyze the fungal community structure in the rhizosphere of goji berry using ITS rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The results showed that nitrogen input significantly altered the rhizosphere fungal community composition and diversity. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel tests indicated that soil electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and nitrate nitrogen were key environmental factors driving the fungal communities’ shifts. Notably, specific fungal genera, including Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Gibberella, Fusarium, Pyxidiophora, Acaulium, and Lophotrichus, exhibited differential enrichment across nitrogen levels. In particular, Chaetomium was significantly enriched under the conventional nitrogen treatment (N2), a strain of Chaetomium sp. LC101 was successfully isolated from the goji berry rhizosphere, and its functional roles were verified via pot experiments. Inoculation with Chaetomium sp. LC101 significantly promoted goji berry growth, with the most pronounced effects observed under N0 treatments, root fresh weight, root vitality, and leaf chlorophyll content increased by up to 55.10%, 15.69%, and 43.27%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated controls. Additionally, Chaetomium sp. LC101 regulated rhizosphere nitrogen transformation by enhancing urease, nitrite reductase, and polyphenol oxidase activities while inhibiting nitrate reductase activity. These findings demonstrate that Chaetomium responds sensitively to nitrogen input, with enrichment under moderate nitrogen levels, and acts as a beneficial rhizosphere fungus by promoting plant growth and regulating nitrogen cycling. This study provides novel insights for nitrogen management in the goji berry industry, where synergistic regulation via “nitrogen reduction combined with microbial inoculation” can reduce nitrogen loss, improve yield and quality through functional fungi, and contribute to ecological sustainability.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen input significantly changed goji rhizosphere fungal composition.
- Taxon
- Lycium barbarum
Lycium barbarumt0 - Treatment
- nitrogen inpute0
- Outcome
- rhizosphere fungal community compositione0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen input significantly altered the rhizosphere fungal community composition and diversity.”
t0“Lycium barbarum”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen input significantly changed goji rhizosphere fungal diversity.
- Taxon
- Lycium barbarumLycium barbarumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen inpute0
- Outcome
- diversitye0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen input significantly altered the rhizosphere fungal community composition and diversity.”
t0“Lycium barbarum”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil electrical conductivity, phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen were associated with fungal community shifts.
- Taxon
- Lycium barbarumLycium barbarumt0
- Outcome
- fungal communities’ shiftse0
- Setting
- soil electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and nitrate nitrogene0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and nitrate nitrogen were key environmental factors driving the fungal communities’ shifts.”
t0“Lycium barbarum”
Claim · model-written summary
Several fungal genera were differentially enriched across nitrogen levels.
- Taxon
- Lycium barbarumLycium barbarumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen levelse0
- Outcome
- differential enrichmente0
- Direction
- differentiale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Gibberella, Fusarium, Pyxidiophora, Acaulium, and Lophotrichus, exhibited differential enrichment across nitrogen levels.”
t0“Lycium barbarum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chaetomium was enriched at conventional nitrogen level N2.
- Taxon
- Lycium barbarumLycium barbarumt0
- Treatment
- conventional nitrogen treatment (N2)e0
- Interactor
- Chaetomium
Chaetomiume0symbiont - Outcome
- Chaetomiume0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chaetomium was significantly enriched under the conventional nitrogen treatment (N2)”
t0“Lycium barbarum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chaetomium sp. LC101 was isolated from goji rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- goji berryLycium barbarume0
- Interactor
- Chaetomium sp. LC101e0symbiont
- Outcome
- Chaetomium sp. LC101e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a strain of Chaetomium sp. LC101 was successfully isolated from the goji berry rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Chaetomium inoculation increased goji root fresh weight up to 55.10%.
- Taxon
- goji berryLycium barbarume0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Chaetomium sp. LC101e0
- Interactor
- Chaetomium sp. LC101e0symbiont
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 55.10%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with Chaetomium sp. LC101 significantly promoted goji berry growth, with the most pronounced effects observed under N0 treatments, root fresh weight, root vitality, and leaf chlorophyll content increased by up to 55.10%, 15.69%, and 43.27%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chaetomium inoculation increased goji root vitality up to 15.69%.
- Taxon
- goji berryLycium barbarume0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Chaetomium sp. LC101e0
- Interactor
- Chaetomium sp. LC101e0symbiont
- Outcome
- root vitalitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.69%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with Chaetomium sp. LC101 significantly promoted goji berry growth, with the most pronounced effects observed under N0 treatments, root fresh weight, root vitality, and leaf chlorophyll content increased by up to 55.10%, 15.69%, and 43.27%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chaetomium inoculation increased goji leaf chlorophyll content up to 43.27%.
- Taxon
- goji berryLycium barbarume0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Chaetomium sp. LC101e0
- Interactor
- Chaetomium sp. LC101e0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 43.27%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with Chaetomium sp. LC101 significantly promoted goji berry growth, with the most pronounced effects observed under N0 treatments, root fresh weight, root vitality, and leaf chlorophyll content increased by up to 55.10%, 15.69%, and 43.27%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chaetomium enhanced urease, nitrite reductase and polyphenol oxidase activities.
- Taxon
- Lycium barbarumLycium barbarumt0
- Treatment
- Chaetomium sp. LC101e0
- Interactor
- Chaetomium sp. LC101e0symbiont
- Outcome
- urease, nitrite reductase, and polyphenol oxidase activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chaetomium sp. LC101 regulated rhizosphere nitrogen transformation by enhancing urease, nitrite reductase, and polyphenol oxidase activities while inhibiting nitrate reductase activity.”
t0“Lycium barbarum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chaetomium inhibited nitrate reductase activity.
- Taxon
- Lycium barbarumLycium barbarumt0
- Treatment
- Chaetomium sp. LC101e0
- Interactor
- Chaetomium sp. LC101e0symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitye0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chaetomium sp. LC101 regulated rhizosphere nitrogen transformation by enhancing urease, nitrite reductase, and polyphenol oxidase activities while inhibiting nitrate reductase activity.”
t0“Lycium barbarum”
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