Abstract
Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant the active biologically compounds in particular essential oil is used as raw material in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries. The impacts of the foliar spraying of chitosan (control and 2.5 g/L chitosan), the use of soil-based biochar (control and soil application at 2.0 kg/m 2 ) under three moisture levels (irrigation at 80–85%, 60–65%, and 40–45% F.C.) on the agronomic traits and essential oil of yarrow were investigated. Results indicated that the deficit irrigation meaningfully decreased the yields of biological and flower, and essential oil yield, however, the contents of proline and essential oil under reduced irrigation significantly increased. According to essential oils analysis by GC-FID and GC/MS, the major constituents were α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, borneol, β-bisabolene, and caryophyllene oxide. A considerable increase and decrease were observed respectively in the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes contents under reduced irrigation. The utilization of biochar along chitosan maintained higher secondary metabolites in particular α–pinene, β-myrcene, borneol, and 1,8-cineole under deficit irrigation. Generally, it appears that using the foliar spraying of chitosan along the soil application of biochar can be effective in improving the qualitative and quantitative features of the essential oil of A. millefolium in arid and semiarid climates.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation decreased yarrow yields of biological and flower.
- Taxon
- yarrow
Achillea millefoliume1 - Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yields of biological and flowere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that the deficit irrigation meaningfully decreased the yields of biological and flower, and essential oil yield, however, the contents of proline and essential oil under reduced irrigation significantly increased.”
e1“Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation decreased yarrow essential oil yield.
- Taxon
- yarrowAchillea millefoliume1
- Treatment
- deficit irrigatione0
- Outcome
- essential oil yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that the deficit irrigation meaningfully decreased the yields of biological and flower, and essential oil yield, however, the contents of proline and essential oil under reduced irrigation significantly increased.”
e1“Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced irrigation significantly increased yarrow contents of proline content.
- Taxon
- YarrowAchillea millefoliume1
- Treatment
- reduced irrigatione0
- Outcome
- contents of prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that the deficit irrigation meaningfully decreased the yields of biological and flower, and essential oil yield, however, the contents of proline and essential oil under reduced irrigation significantly increased.”
e1“Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced irrigation significantly increased yarrow essential oil content.
- Taxon
- YarrowAchillea millefoliume1
- Treatment
- reduced irrigatione0
- Outcome
- essential oile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that the deficit irrigation meaningfully decreased the yields of biological and flower, and essential oil yield, however, the contents of proline and essential oil under reduced irrigation significantly increased.”
e1“Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The yarrow essential oil contained major constituents α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, borneol.
- Taxon
- YarrowAchillea millefoliume1
- Outcome
- α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, borneole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the major constituents were α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, borneol, β-bisabolene, and caryophyllene oxide.”
e1“Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The yarrow essential oil contained major constituents β-bisabolene, and caryophyllene oxide.
- Taxon
- YarrowAchillea millefoliume1
- Outcome
- β-bisabolene, and caryophyllene oxidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the major constituents were α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, borneol, β-bisabolene, and caryophyllene oxide.”
e1“Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced irrigation caused a considerable increase in yarrow monoterpenes content.
- Taxon
- YarrowAchillea millefoliume1
- Treatment
- reduced irrigatione0
- Outcome
- monoterpenese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A considerable increase and decrease were observed respectively in the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes contents under reduced irrigation.”
e1“Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced irrigation caused a considerable decrease in yarrow sesquiterpenes content.
- Taxon
- YarrowAchillea millefoliume1
- Treatment
- reduced irrigatione0
- Outcome
- sesquiterpenese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A considerable increase and decrease were observed respectively in the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes contents under reduced irrigation.”
e1“Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus chitosan maintained higher yarrow α–pinene, β-myrcene, borneol under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- YarrowAchillea millefoliume1
- Treatment
- biochar along chitosane0
- Outcome
- α–pinene, β-myrcene, borneole0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under deficit irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The utilization of biochar along chitosan maintained higher secondary metabolites in particular α–pinene, β-myrcene, borneol, and 1,8-cineole under deficit irrigation.”
e1“Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus chitosan maintained higher yarrow 1,8-cineole under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- YarrowAchillea millefoliume1
- Treatment
- biochar along chitosane0
- Outcome
- 1,8-cineolee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under deficit irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The utilization of biochar along chitosan maintained higher secondary metabolites in particular α–pinene, β-myrcene, borneol, and 1,8-cineole under deficit irrigation.”
e1“Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.)”