Abstract
The ability of the essential oil (EO) of the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum L. cv 'Prospera' and its main constituents to reduce cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Raphanus sativus L. was tested. To study the tolerance induced by EO to Cd toxicity, the percentage of seed germination and hypocotyl-root length, DNA damage and antioxidant response were examined. The exogenous application of EO produces a recovery in the percentage of seed germination and hypocotyl-root length; it also reduces Cd-induced oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the reduction in the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Furthermore, the application of EO produces a reduction in DNA damage. To investigate these promising results, both enzymatic activity and DNA damage were individually evaluated by testing the most common constituents in EO: endo-fenchol (21.5 %), eugenol (20.4 %) and carvacrol (10.2 %). These compounds replicated the antioxidant and genoprotective effects observed with the whole oil, with endo-fenchol and eugenol showing the strongest activity. Our findings clearly demonstrate that O. basilicum EO possesses a potent bioprotective effect against Cd-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity, acting both through enzymatic activation and the inherent antioxidant properties of its major constituents. This study supports the use of basil EO as a natural, sustainable strategy to enhance plant tolerance to heavy metal stress, with promising applications in environmental and agricultural biotechnology. • Cadmium triggers oxidative stress and cellular damage in Raphanus sativus L. • O. basilicum essential oil mitigates Cd toxicity in plant growth and development. • Endo-fenchol, eugenol, and carvacrol improve antioxidant responses in radish. • Basil essential oil components reduce DNA damage under Cd stress. • Bioprotective plant extracts enhance seed germination and root growth under stress.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil restored seed germination under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L
Raphanus sativust0 - Treatment
- exogenous application of EOe0
- Outcome
- percentage of seed germinatione0
- Direction
- recoverye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous application of EO produces a recovery in the percentage of seed germination and hypocotyl-root length”
t0“Raphanus sativus L”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil restored hypocotyl-root length under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus LRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of EOe0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl-root lengthe0
- Direction
- recoverye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous application of EO produces a recovery in the percentage of seed germination and hypocotyl-root length”
t0“Raphanus sativus L”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil reduced reactive oxygen species content under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus LRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- EOe0
- Outcome
- content of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it also reduces Cd-induced oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the reduction in the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS)”
t0“Raphanus sativus L”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil increased SOD, CAT and GST activity under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus LRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- EOe1
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)”
e1“The exogenous application of EO”
t0“Raphanus sativus L”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil reduced DNA damage.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus LRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- application of EOe0
- Outcome
- DNA damagee0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of EO produces a reduction in DNA damage”
t0“Raphanus sativus L”
Claim · model-written summary
Endo-fenchol replicated antioxidant and genoprotective effects, with among the strongest activity.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus LRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- endo-fenchole0
- Outcome
- antioxidant and genoprotective effectse0
- Direction
- strongeste0
- Comparator
- whole oile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“endo-fenchol (21.5 %), eugenol (20.4 %) and carvacrol (10.2 %). These compounds replicated the antioxidant and genoprotective effects observed with the whole oil, with endo-fenchol and eugenol showing the strongest activity”
t0“Raphanus sativus L”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol replicated antioxidant and genoprotective effects, with among the strongest activity.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus LRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- eugenole0
- Outcome
- antioxidant and genoprotective effectse0
- Direction
- strongeste0
- Comparator
- whole oile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eugenol (20.4 %) and carvacrol (10.2 %). These compounds replicated the antioxidant and genoprotective effects observed with the whole oil, with endo-fenchol and eugenol showing the strongest activity”
t0“Raphanus sativus L”
Claim · model-written summary
Carvacrol replicated antioxidant and genoprotective effects of whole oil.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus LRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- carvacrole0
- Outcome
- antioxidant and genoprotective effectse0
- Comparator
- whole oile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carvacrol (10.2 %). These compounds replicated the antioxidant and genoprotective effects observed with the whole oil”
t0“Raphanus sativus L”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support basil essential oil to enhance heavy-metal stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus LRaphanus sativust0
- Outcome
- use of basil EO as a natural, sustainable strategy to enhance plant tolerance to heavy metal stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study supports the use of basil EO as a natural, sustainable strategy to enhance plant tolerance to heavy metal stress”
t0“Raphanus sativus L”
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