Abstract
Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), a member of the family Potyviridae, was first reported in Italy in 1973 (Desbiez & Lecoq, 1997). Since then, it has been reported in various regions worldwide, including Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. This virus has caused severe economic epidemics in cucurbit crops globally, causing symptoms such as mosaic, foliar mottling, and fruit deformities (Berbati et al., 2023; Ali; Damayanti et al., 2021; Clarke, 2020). In Peru, this virus is causing severe damage to cucurbit crops. This study reports the detection of ZYMV in a Macre squash (Cucurbita maxima) fields through high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and Sanger sequencing. In September 2022, C. maxima cv. Macre plants exhibiting symptoms of foliar mosaic and fruit deformation were observed in fields located in La Molina, Lima, Peru. To assess the virus distribution in Peru, a total of 270 C. maxima samples comprising both symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were randomly collected between June and August 2023 from various regions: Chiclayo (25 samples), Lima (152), Ica (47), and Arequipa (46). ZYMV detection was performed using DAS-ELISA (DSMZ, QC-SOP-0087), revealing a prevalence of 60–71%. From these, a symptomatic young leaf was collected from each of the five plants (M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5) to extract total RNA using the SV Total RNA Isolation System kit (Promega) and lyophilize them. RNA from the M1 sample was used to construct a ribosomal RNA-depleted library and sequenced on the NextSeq 1000 platform, yielding 30 million 150 bp paired-end reads. Data were processed via the Galaxy platform following Mendoza et al. (2022). Trimmomatic v0.32 was used to trim low-quality reads, resulting in 59,262,180 reads, which were assembled into 77,583 contigs with SPAdes v3.12.0. Contigs were analyzed by tBLASTx against the RefSeq2022 viral database using Geneious vR11 (Biomatters, NZ) A total of 140 contigs exclusively corresponding to ZYMV were identified and assembled de novo, generating a consensus sequence of 9,484 nt with 98.9% identity to a ZYMV sequence from the United Kingdom by (Cucurbita pepo; GenBank OM471983) and 91.6 % identity to one from Brazil (Citrullus lanatus; GenBank MN364667). Mapping of the trimmed reads revealed 4,017,426 aligned reads with 65,544x coverage, confirming ZYMV as the sole causal agent of the observed disease. To validate the HTS-derived sequence, specific primers ZYMV4274_F/ZYMV4663_R and ZYMV8362_F/ZYMV9402_R were designed to amplify 412 bp and 1,063 bp fragments corresponding to the CI (GenBank PV599321) and the NIb C-terminal regions extending to the initial 3’UTR (GenBank PV599322), respectively, via RT-PCR. The amplified sequences from the M1 sample were confirmed through Sanger sequencing, showing 99.9% identity to the HTS-derived sequence. Additionally, ZYMV was reactivated from the lyophilized M1 sample by inoculating C. pepo var. grey zucchini, which was subsequently used as the inoculum source for mechanical inoculation on 21 plant species from the families Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Amaranthaceae. Symptomatic infection was observed seven days after inoculation in cucurbit species, including C. moschata, C. maxima, C. pepo, C. ficifolia, Cucumis sativus, C. melo and Citrullus lanatus, while Luffa spp. and Cyclanthera pedata showed no signs of infection. Meanwhile, Chenopodium quinoa and Ch. amaranticolor exhibited local chlorotic lesions on the inoculated leaves. All inoculated plants were confirmed by DAS-ELISA. Observed symptoms varied depending on species and cultivar, ranging from mild to severe mosaic, vein banding, leaf deformation, and vein clearing. To date, in South America, ZYMV has only been reported in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, and Venezuela (Spadotti et al., 2015). Therefore, this study represents the first official report of ZYMV in Peru with the isolate designated as ZYMV_Lim (GenBank OQ181225). The virus is widespread across major key squash-producing regions along the Peruvian coast.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
ZYMV was detected in symptomatic Macre squash in Peru.
- Taxon
- Cucurbita maxima
Cucurbita maximae0 - Material
- Macree0
- Interactor
- ZYMV
Zucchini yellow mosaic viruse0pathogen - Outcome
- detection of ZYMVe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study reports the detection of ZYMV in a Macre squash (Cucurbita maxima) fields through high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and Sanger sequencing”
Claim · model-written summary
Symptomatic Macre squash plants showed foliar mosaic and fruit deformation in La Molina.
- Taxon
- C. maximaCucurbita maximae0
- Material
- Macree0
- Outcome
- foliar mosaic and fruit deformatione0
- Setting
- La Molina, Lima, Perue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. maxima cv. Macre plants exhibiting symptoms of foliar mosaic and fruit deformation were observed in fields located in La Molina, Lima, Peru”
Claim · model-written summary
ZYMV prevalence in sampled squash was 60–71%.
- Taxon
- C. maximaCucurbita maximae0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- ZYMV detectione0
- Value
- 60–71%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“270 C. maxima samples comprising both symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were randomly collected between June and August 2023 from various regions: Chiclayo (25 samples), Lima (152), Ica (47), and Arequipa (46). ZYMV detection was performed using DAS-ELISA (DSMZ, QC-SOP-0087), revealing a prevalence of 60–71%”
Claim · model-written summary
The assembled ZYMV sequence from squash was 9,484 nt long.
- Taxon
- Cucurbita maximaCucurbita maximat0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- consensus sequencee0
- Value
- 9,484 nte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“140 contigs exclusively corresponding to ZYMV were identified and assembled de novo, generating a consensus sequence of 9,484 nt”
t0“Cucurbita maxima”
Claim · model-written summary
The squash ZYMV sequence had 98.9% identity to a United Kingdom sequence.
- Taxon
- Cucurbita maximaCucurbita maximat0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- identity to a ZYMV sequencee0
- Value
- 98.9%e0
- Setting
- United Kingdome0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“98.9% identity to a ZYMV sequence from the United Kingdom by (Cucurbita pepo; GenBank OM471983)”
t0“Cucurbita maxima”
Claim · model-written summary
The squash ZYMV sequence had 91.6% identity to a Brazilian sequence.
- Taxon
- Cucurbita maximaCucurbita maximat0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- identity to one from Brazile0
- Value
- 91.6 %e0
- Setting
- Brazile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“91.6 % identity to one from Brazil (Citrullus lanatus; GenBank MN364667)”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV) Infecting Cucurbita maxima”
Claim · model-written summary
Read mapping supported ZYMV as the sole cause of the observed disease.
- Taxon
- Cucurbita maximaCucurbita maximat0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- ZYMV as the sole causal agent of the observed diseasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mapping of the trimmed reads revealed 4,017,426 aligned reads with 65,544x coverage, confirming ZYMV as the sole causal agent of the observed disease”
t0“Cucurbita maxima”
Claim · model-written summary
Sanger sequencing confirmed 99.9% identity with the HTS-derived ZYMV sequence.
- Taxon
- Cucurbita maximaCucurbita maximat0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- identity to the HTS-derived sequencee0
- Value
- 99.9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sanger sequencing, showing 99.9% identity to the HTS-derived sequence”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV) Infecting Cucurbita maxima”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolate caused symptomatic infection in C. moschata after inoculation.
- Taxon
- C. moschata
Cucurbita moschatae0 - Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- Symptomatic infectione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptomatic infection was observed seven days after inoculation in cucurbit species, including C. moschata, C. maxima, C. pepo, C. ficifolia, Cucumis sativus, C. melo and Citrullus lanatus”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolate caused symptomatic infection in C. maxima after inoculation.
- Taxon
- C. maximaCucurbita maximae0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- Symptomatic infectione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptomatic infection was observed seven days after inoculation in cucurbit species, including C. moschata, C. maxima, C. pepo, C. ficifolia, Cucumis sativus, C. melo and Citrullus lanatus”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolate caused symptomatic infection in C. pepo after inoculation.
- Taxon
- C. pepo
Cucurbita pepoe0 - Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- Symptomatic infectione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptomatic infection was observed seven days after inoculation in cucurbit species, including C. moschata, C. maxima, C. pepo, C. ficifolia, Cucumis sativus, C. melo and Citrullus lanatus”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolate caused symptomatic infection in C. ficifolia after inoculation.
- Taxon
- C. ficifolia
Cucurbita ficifoliae0 - Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- Symptomatic infectione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptomatic infection was observed seven days after inoculation in cucurbit species, including C. moschata, C. maxima, C. pepo, C. ficifolia, Cucumis sativus, C. melo and Citrullus lanatus”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolate caused symptomatic infection in Cucumis sativus after inoculation.
- Taxon
- Cucumis sativus
Cucumis sativuse0 - Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- Symptomatic infectione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptomatic infection was observed seven days after inoculation in cucurbit species, including C. moschata, C. maxima, C. pepo, C. ficifolia, Cucumis sativus, C. melo and Citrullus lanatus”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolate caused symptomatic infection in C. melo after inoculation.
- Taxon
- C. melo
.jpg?width=60)
Cucumis meloe0 - Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- Symptomatic infectione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Symptomatic infection was observed seven days after inoculation in cucurbit species, including C. moschata, C. maxima, C. pepo, C. ficifolia, Cucumis sativus, C. melo and Citrullus lanatus”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolate caused symptomatic infection in Citrullus lanatus after inoculation.
- Taxon
- Citrullus lanatus
Citrullus lanatuse0 - Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- Symptomatic infectione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symptomatic infection was observed seven days after inoculation in cucurbit species, including C. moschata, C. maxima, C. pepo, C. ficifolia, Cucumis sativus, C. melo and Citrullus lanatus”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
Luffa spp. showed no signs of infection after inoculation.
- Treatment
- mechanical inoculatione1
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- no signs of infectione0
LuffaNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Luffa spp. and Cyclanthera pedata showed no signs of infection”
e1“mechanical inoculation on 21 plant species”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyclanthera pedata showed no signs of infection after inoculation.
- Taxon
- Cyclanthera pedata
Cyclanthera pedatae0 - Treatment
- mechanical inoculatione1
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- no signs of infectione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Luffa spp. and Cyclanthera pedata showed no signs of infection”
e1“mechanical inoculation on 21 plant species”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chenopodium quinoa developed local chlorotic lesions after inoculation.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoa
Chenopodium quinoae0 - Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- local chlorotic lesionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa and Ch. amaranticolor exhibited local chlorotic lesions on the inoculated leaves”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ch. amaranticolor developed local chlorotic lesions after inoculation.
- Taxon
- Ch. amaranticolore0
- Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- local chlorotic lesionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chenopodium quinoa and Ch. amaranticolor exhibited local chlorotic lesions on the inoculated leaves”
t0“Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
The study presents the first official ZYMV report in Peru and describes coastal squash regions as widely affected.
- Taxon
- Cucurbita maximaCucurbita maximat0
- Interactor
- ZYMVZucchini yellow mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- first official report of ZYMV in Perue0
- Setting
- Perue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this study represents the first official report of ZYMV in Peru with the isolate designated as ZYMV_Lim (GenBank OQ181225). The virus is widespread across major key squash-producing regions along the Peruvian coast”
t0“Cucurbita maxima”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · Zucchini yellow mosaic virus · Cucurbita pepoPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
inoculation · Zucchini yellow mosaic virus · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →inoculation · Zucchini yellow mosaic virus · Cucurbita moschata (crookneck pumpkin)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
inoculation · Zucchini yellow mosaic virus · Chenopodium amaranticolorResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
inoculation · Zucchini yellow mosaic virus · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
inoculation · Zucchini yellow mosaic virus · Cucurbita maxima (winter squash)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
inoculation · Zucchini yellow mosaic virus · Cucumis melo (muskmelon)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.