Abstract
ABSTRACT Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub, traditionally used for the treatment of several ailments, including jaundice, malaria, and enlargement of the spleen. Besides ornamental values, the plant also possesses a wide variety of medicinal properties due to the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites of different chemical classes. The present work describes the phytochemical investigation of the leaf part of A. cathartica , which resulted in the isolation of five secondary metabolites ( ACL 1 – 5 ) of different classes, including β‐sitosterol ( ACL‐1 ), β‐sitosterol glucoside ( ACL‐2 ), ursolic acid ( ACL‐3 ), plumieride ( ACL‐4 ), and pinitol ( ACL‐5 ). The compound ACL‐5 was reported for the first time from the species. All the compounds were characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, 2D NMR, and HRMS spectral analysis. Further to the plant extract, all the fractions and five isolated compounds were screened for in vitro α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase activity. The isolated compounds exhibited notable inhibitory activity against carbohydrate‐hydrolyzing enzymes. For α‐amylase inhibition, IC 50 values ranged from 522.95 to 662.67 µg/mL, with plumieride showing the highest potency at a concentration of 522.95 µg/mL and pinitol acetate the lowest at 662.67 µg/mL. Similarly, for α‐glucosidase inhibition, IC 50 values ranged from 576.82 to 691.12 µg/mL, where plumieride again demonstrated the strongest activity at 576.82 µg/mL and pinitol acetate the lowest at 662.67 µg/mL. In support, all isolated compounds were taken further for molecular modelling studies to observe the rationale of our in vitro studies. Therefore, this work concludes that the isolated compounds ACL‐4 and ACL‐5 have demonstrated strong antidiabetic potential, with ACL‐4 having a somewhat more powerful antidiabetic effect than ACL‐5 , according to both in vitro and docking experiments.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Five secondary metabolites were isolated from the leaves of Allamanda cathartica.
- Taxon
- Allamanda cathartica
Allamanda catharticae0 - Organ / stage
- leaf parte1
- Outcome
- isolation of five secondary metabolitese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub”
e1“the leaf part of A. cathartica , which resulted in the isolation of five secondary metabolites”
Claim · model-written summary
Compound ACL‐5 (pinitol) was reported for the first time from the species.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae0
- Compound
- ACL‐5e2
- Outcome
- reported for the first time from the speciese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub”
e2“The compound ACL‐5 was reported for the first time from the species”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolated compounds showed notable inhibitory activity against carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae0
- Treatment
- isolated compoundse3
- Outcome
- inhibitory activitye3
- Direction
- inhibitorye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub”
e3“The isolated compounds exhibited notable inhibitory activity against”
Claim · model-written summary
IC50 values for alpha-amylase inhibition ranged from 522.95 to 662.67 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae0
- Outcome
- IC 50 valuese4
- Value
- 522.95 to 662.67 µg/mLe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub”
e4“For α‐amylase inhibition, IC 50 values ranged from 522.95 to 662.67 µg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
Plumieride had the highest alpha-amylase inhibitory potency, IC50 522.95 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae0
- Compound
- plumieridee5
- Outcome
- highest potencye5
- Value
- 522.95 µg/mLe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub”
e5“with plumieride showing the highest potency at a concentration of 522.95 µg/mL and pinitol acetate the lowest at 662.67 µg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
Pinitol acetate had the lowest alpha-amylase inhibitory potency, IC50 662.67 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae0
- Compound
- pinitol acetatee5
- Outcome
- the loweste5
- Value
- 662.67 µg/mLe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub”
e5“with plumieride showing the highest potency at a concentration of 522.95 µg/mL and pinitol acetate the lowest at 662.67 µg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
IC50 values for alpha-glucosidase inhibition ranged from 576.82 to 691.12 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae0
- Outcome
- IC 50 valuese6
- Value
- 576.82 to 691.12 µg/mLe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub”
e6“IC 50 values ranged from 576.82 to 691.12 µg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
Plumieride had the strongest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, IC50 576.82 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae0
- Compound
- plumieridee7
- Outcome
- strongest activitye7
- Value
- 576.82 µg/mLe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub”
e7“where plumieride again demonstrated the strongest activity at 576.82 µg/mL and pinitol acetate the lowest at 662.67 µg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
Pinitol acetate had the lowest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, IC50 662.67 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae0
- Compound
- pinitol acetatee7
- Outcome
- the loweste7
- Value
- 662.67 µg/mLe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub”
e7“where plumieride again demonstrated the strongest activity at 576.82 µg/mL and pinitol acetate the lowest at 662.67 µg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
The compounds ACL‐4 and ACL‐5 demonstrated strong antidiabetic potential.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae0
- Compound
- ACL‐4 and ACL‐5e1
- Outcome
- antidiabetic potentiale1
- Qualifier
- stronge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub”
e1“the isolated compounds ACL‐4 and ACL‐5 have demonstrated strong antidiabetic potential”
Claim · model-written summary
ACL‐4 had a somewhat more powerful antidiabetic effect than ACL‐5 in both in vitro and docking experiments.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae0
- Treatment
- ACL‐4e1
- Outcome
- antidiabetic effecte1
- Direction
- more powerfule1
- Comparator
- ACL‐5e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allamanda cathartica is a perennial shrub”
e1“with ACL‐4 having a somewhat more powerful antidiabetic effect than ACL‐5”