Abstract
The high concentration of antimony (Sb) pollution poses severe challenges to ecological restoration in Sb mining areas in southwestern China. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have demonstrated considerable application potential this context; however, related research remains insufficient. This study systematically evaluated the enhancement effects and mechanisms of different AMF inoculations on ecological restoration efficiency using two pioneer plant species, Trifolium repens (Tr) and Artemisia argyi (Aa) in southwestern Sb mining areas, through plant physiology and transcriptomics analysis. The results showed that Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri) and mixed inoculation consistently exhibited superior growth-promoting effects, increasing the dry weight biomass by 1.89–6.13-fold and 1.90–7.44-fold, respectively. This was associated with increased phosphorus absorption and reduced Sb concentration in plant tissues, which mitigated environmental stress and enhanced both heavy metal tolerance and plant growth. Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) showed significant growth promotion only in soils with high pH and calcium content. Additionally, AMF inoculation increased the total Sb uptake by the plants in each pot while also activating soil nutrients, thereby improving the plant growth environment, which is a critical ecological restoration objective. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the effects of AMF on host plants varied depending on plant functionality and soil properties. In Tr, AMF regulated genes associated with signal transduction, oxidative stress response, and metal ion transport, while AMF in Aa primarily induced significant co-enrichment in photosynthetic pathways. This study substantiates the growth-promoting effects of AMF on pioneer plants and their improvement of rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties, providing a feasible strategy for ecological restoration of Sb mining areas. • AMF alleviate the limiting factors of ecological restoration in rocky desertification Sb mining area. • AMF optimized the plant growth environment, which achieved critical objective of ecological restoration. • AMF enhanced the total uptake of Sb and improved the physiological condition of plants.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizophagus intraradices increased pioneer plant dry biomass 1.89–6.13-fold.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens
Trifolium repense1 - Treatment
- Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)e0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- dry weight biomasse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 1.89–6.13-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri) and mixed inoculation consistently exhibited superior growth-promoting effects, increasing the dry weight biomass by 1.89–6.13-fold and 1.90–7.44-fold, respectively.”
e1“Trifolium repens (Tr) and Artemisia argyi (Aa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed AMF inoculation increased pioneer plant dry biomass 1.90–7.44-fold.
- Taxon
- Artemisia argyi
Artemisia argyie1 - Treatment
- mixed inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- dry weight biomasse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 1.90–7.44-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mixed inoculation consistently exhibited superior growth-promoting effects, increasing the dry weight biomass by 1.89–6.13-fold and 1.90–7.44-fold, respectively.”
e1“Trifolium repens (Tr) and Artemisia argyi (Aa)”
e2“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF growth promotion was associated with increased plant phosphorus absorption.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense1
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphorus absorptione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was associated with increased phosphorus absorption”
e1“Trifolium repens (Tr) and Artemisia argyi (Aa)”
e2“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF growth promotion was associated with reduced Sb concentration in plant tissues.
- Taxon
- Artemisia argyiArtemisia argyie1
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- Sb concentration in plant tissuese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced Sb concentration in plant tissues”
e1“Trifolium repens (Tr) and Artemisia argyi (Aa)”
e2“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Funneliformis mosseae significantly promoted growth only in soils with high pH and calcium.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense1
- Treatment
- Funneliformis mosseae (Fm)e0
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee0symbiont - Outcome
- growth promotione0
- Direction
- promotione0
- Qualifier
- only in soils with high pH and calcium contente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) showed significant growth promotion only in soils with high pH and calcium content.”
e1“Trifolium repens (Tr) and Artemisia argyi (Aa)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased total plant Sb uptake per pot.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense1
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- total Sb uptake by the plants in each pote0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation increased the total Sb uptake by the plants in each pot”
e1“Trifolium repens (Tr) and Artemisia argyi (Aa)”
e2“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF activated soil nutrients.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense1
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- soil nutrientse0
- Direction
- activatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation increased the total Sb uptake by the plants in each pot while also activating soil nutrients”
e1“Trifolium repens (Tr) and Artemisia argyi (Aa)”
e2“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF effects on host plants varied with plant functionality and soil properties.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense1
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- effects of AMF on host plantse0
- Qualifier
- depending on plant functionality and soil propertiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effects of AMF on host plants varied depending on plant functionality and soil properties”
e1“Trifolium repens (Tr) and Artemisia argyi (Aa)”
e2“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF regulated Trifolium repens genes tied to signal transduction, oxidative stress and metal ion transport.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense1
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- genes associated with signal transduction, oxidative stress response, and metal ion transporte0
- Direction
- regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Tr, AMF regulated genes associated with signal transduction, oxidative stress response, and metal ion transport”
e1“Trifolium repens (Tr)”
e2“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly induced photosynthetic pathway co-enrichment in Artemisia argyi.
- Taxon
- Artemisia argyiArtemisia argyie1
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie2symbiont
- Outcome
- co-enrichment in photosynthetic pathwayse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF in Aa primarily induced significant co-enrichment in photosynthetic pathways”
e1“Artemisia argyi (Aa)”
e2“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.