Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), one of the most devastating plant pathogens worldwide, causes catastrophic agricultural losses. While chemical pesticides remain primary method for controlling viral diseases, their improper use poses significant ecological risks, including environmental persistence and biomagnification. Herein, we employed a nanogel carrier to encapsulate salicylic acid (SA), creating a green nanobiostimulant termed salicylic acid-functionalized nanogels (SAN). This SAN exhibited excellent stability, strong foliar adhesion, a favorable slow-release profile, and high biosafety for tadpoles. Foliar application of 50 mg/L SAN resulted in a higher control efficiency against TMV in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants than that of SA or lentinan (LNT, a commercial biostimulant) alone, and the disease severity of SAN was significantly reduced by 29.6 % and 20.5 % compared with SA and LNT, respectively. Mechanistically, 50 mg/L SAN directly inactivated TMV by causing the aggregation and fracture of TMV particles. Furthermore, SAN indirectly induced tobacco plant resistance to TMV via activating endogenous signaling (Ca 2 + influx and phytohormone accumulation), upregulating the expression of key genes for disease resistance ( e.g ., PR1 , PR3 ), and enhancing defense metabolites involved phenylpropanoid pathway ( e.g ., chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, rutin). Moreover, SAN significantly mitigated tobacco leaf oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and the production of flavonoids, and such effect was better than that of SA and LNT. Overall, SAN is a promising eco-friendly nanobiostimulant with the potential to replace conventional biostimulants and pesticides for sustainable disease control in agroecosystems. • SAN was prepared by loading salicylic acid into self-assembled sodium alginate nanogels. • SAN improved the stability and sustained release of salicylic acid. • SAN notably reduced the TMV replication and plant disease severity. • SAN effectively controlled TMV by virion disruption and plant immunity activation.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
SAN showed stability, foliar adhesion and slow release.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Outcome
- excellent stability, strong foliar adhesion, a favorable slow-release profilee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This SAN exhibited excellent stability, strong foliar adhesion, a favorable slow-release profile, and high biosafety for tadpoles.”
t0“Salicylic acid-functionalized nanogels enhance tobacco mosaic virus resistance and alleviate oxidative stress in crops”
Claim · model-written summary
SAN had high biosafety for tadpoles.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- high biosafety for tadpolese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high biosafety for tadpoles”
t0“Salicylic acid-functionalized nanogels enhance tobacco mosaic virus resistance and alleviate oxidative stress in crops”
Claim · model-written summary
SAN had higher TMV control efficiency than SA or lentinan.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of 50 mg/L SANe0
- Interactor
- TMV
Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen - Outcome
- control efficiency against TMVe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- SA or lentinane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of 50 mg/L SAN resulted in a higher control efficiency against TMV in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants than that of SA or lentinan (LNT, a commercial biostimulant) alone”
Claim · model-written summary
SAN reduced disease severity by 29.6% versus SA.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- SANe0
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse1pathogent0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 29.6 %e0
- Comparator
- SAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the disease severity of SAN was significantly reduced by 29.6 % and 20.5 % compared with SA and LNT, respectively”
e1“Foliar application of 50 mg/L SAN resulted in a higher control efficiency against TMV in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants than that of SA or lentinan (LNT, a commercial biostimulant) alone”
t0“Salicylic acid-functionalized nanogels enhance tobacco mosaic virus resistance and alleviate oxidative stress in crops”
Claim · model-written summary
SAN reduced disease severity by 20.5% versus LNT.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- SANe0
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse1pathogent0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20.5 %e0
- Comparator
- LNTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the disease severity of SAN was significantly reduced by 29.6 % and 20.5 % compared with SA and LNT, respectively”
e1“Foliar application of 50 mg/L SAN resulted in a higher control efficiency against TMV in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants than that of SA or lentinan (LNT, a commercial biostimulant) alone”
t0“Salicylic acid-functionalized nanogels enhance tobacco mosaic virus resistance and alleviate oxidative stress in crops”
Claim · model-written summary
SAN aggregated and fractured TMV particles.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- 50 mg/L SANe0
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- aggregation and fracture of TMV particlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50 mg/L SAN directly inactivated TMV by causing the aggregation and fracture of TMV particles”
t0“Salicylic acid-functionalized nanogels enhance tobacco mosaic virus resistance and alleviate oxidative stress in crops”
Claim · model-written summary
SAN activated calcium influx and phytohormone accumulation in tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- SANe0
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- Ca 2 + influx and phytohormone accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SAN indirectly induced tobacco plant resistance to TMV via activating endogenous signaling (Ca 2 + influx and phytohormone accumulation)”
Claim · model-written summary
SAN upregulated disease resistance genes.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- SANe1
- Gene
- PR1e0
- Outcome
- expression of key genes for disease resistancee0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulating the expression of key genes for disease resistance ( e.g ., PR1 , PR3 )”
e1“This SAN exhibited excellent stability, strong foliar adhesion, a favorable slow-release profile, and high biosafety for tadpoles.”
t0“Salicylic acid-functionalized nanogels enhance tobacco mosaic virus resistance and alleviate oxidative stress in crops”
Claim · model-written summary
SAN enhanced phenylpropanoid defense metabolites.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- SANe1
- Outcome
- defense metabolites involved phenylpropanoid pathwaye0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing defense metabolites involved phenylpropanoid pathway ( e.g ., chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, rutin)”
e1“This SAN exhibited excellent stability, strong foliar adhesion, a favorable slow-release profile, and high biosafety for tadpoles.”
t0“Salicylic acid-functionalized nanogels enhance tobacco mosaic virus resistance and alleviate oxidative stress in crops”
Claim · model-written summary
SAN increased antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- SANe0
- Gene
- SODe0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SAN significantly mitigated tobacco leaf oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
SAN increased flavonoid production and relieved oxidative stress more than SA and LNT.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- SANe0
- Outcome
- production of flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- SA and LNTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SAN significantly mitigated tobacco leaf oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and the production of flavonoids, and such effect was better than that of SA and LNT”
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