Abstract
Heavy metal-resistant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) play a crucial role in mitigating heavy metal stress and reducing heavy metal accumulation in plants. However, the origins and transmission mechanisms of PGPB and their associated heavy metal resistance genes (MRGs) in plants remain unclear. To fill this knowledge gap, we collected rice and related environmental samples from heavy metal-contaminated paddy fields. The microbial DNA was recovered from these rice and environmental samples and then analyzed using shotgun metagenomics at the metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) level. As a result, 805 MRG-PGPB combinations were detected in rice tissues and related environments under heavy metal contamination conditions. Core MRG-PGPB combinations shared across seed-rice (42.46%) and environment-rice (13.34%) interfaces collectively constituted 55.80% of the detected combinations, demonstrating that environmental translocation and seed-borne vertical transmission jointly drive over half of MRG-PGPB colonization in rice systems. Subsequent source-tracking analysis indicated that PGPBs present in rice primarily originated from seeds, with a substantial proportion also attributed to translocation within rice tissues. Phylogenetic analysis of dominant MRGs further demonstrated the seed-borne vertical transmission of MRGs-PGPB, while simultaneously elucidating that MRGs harbored by PGPB in rice could also be acquired via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from environmental or seed-borne MRG-PGPB, particularly from atmospheric microbes such as Methylophilus and Serratia. These findings provide valuable insights into harnessing PGPB to enhance rice resilience against heavy metal contamination, thereby contributing to improved food security and sustainable agricultural practices.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Metagenomics detected 805 MRG-PGPB combinations in rice tissues and related environments under heavy metal contamination.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Interactor
- PGPBe1symbiont
- Outcome
- MRG-PGPB combinationse1
- Value
- 805e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“(PGPB) in rice”
e1“805 MRG-PGPB combinations were detected in rice tissues and related environments under heavy metal contamination conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Core MRG-PGPB combinations shared across the seed-rice interface make up 42.46% of the detected combinations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- PGPBe2symbiont
- Outcome
- Core MRG-PGPB combinations sharede2
- Value
- 42.46%e2
- Qualifier
- seed-ricee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“(PGPB) in rice”
e2“Core MRG-PGPB combinations shared across seed-rice (42.46%) and environment-rice (13.34%) interfaces collectively constituted 55.80% of the detected combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
Core MRG-PGPB combinations shared across the environment-rice interface make up 13.34% of the detected combinations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- PGPBe2symbiont
- Outcome
- Core MRG-PGPB combinations sharede2
- Value
- 13.34%e2
- Qualifier
- environment-ricee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“(PGPB) in rice”
e2“Core MRG-PGPB combinations shared across seed-rice (42.46%) and environment-rice (13.34%) interfaces collectively constituted 55.80% of the detected combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
Core MRG-PGPB combinations shared across both interfaces make up 55.80% of the detected combinations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- PGPBe2symbiont
- Outcome
- Core MRG-PGPB combinations sharede2
- Value
- 55.80%e2
- Qualifier
- of the detected combinationse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“(PGPB) in rice”
e2“Core MRG-PGPB combinations shared across seed-rice (42.46%) and environment-rice (13.34%) interfaces collectively constituted 55.80% of the detected combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
Environmental translocation and seed-borne vertical transmission are asserted to jointly drive over half of MRG-PGPB colonization of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- environmental translocation and seed-borne vertical transmissione3
- Outcome
- MRG-PGPB colonizatione3
- Qualifier
- jointly drive over halfe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“(PGPB) in rice”
e3“environmental translocation and seed-borne vertical transmission jointly drive over half of MRG-PGPB colonization in rice systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Source tracking indicates that PGPBs present in rice primarily originated from seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- seedse4
- Outcome
- PGPBs present in ricee4
- Qualifier
- primarily originated from seedse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“(PGPB) in rice”
e4“PGPBs present in rice primarily originated from seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates seed-borne vertical transmission of MRG-PGPB in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- dominant MRGse5
- Outcome
- seed-borne vertical transmission of MRGs-PGPBe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“(PGPB) in rice”
e5“Phylogenetic analysis of dominant MRGs further demonstrated the seed-borne vertical transmission of MRGs-PGPB”
Claim · model-written summary
MRGs harbored by PGPB in rice could be acquired by horizontal gene transfer from atmospheric microbes such as Methylophilus and Serratia.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- MethylophilusMethylophiluse6other
- Second interactor
- Serratiae6other
- Outcome
- MRGs harbored by PGPBe6
- Qualifier
- could also be acquired via horizontal gene transfer (HGT)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“(PGPB) in rice”
e6“MRGs harbored by PGPB in rice could also be acquired via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from environmental or seed-borne MRG-PGPB, particularly from atmospheric microbes such as Methylophilus and Serratia”