Abstract
Root rot, caused by Rhizoctonia solani L., is becoming an increasing issue for lettuce. Nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as a promising approach for managing biotic stress, offering advantages surpassing traditional control methods. This studyaimed to evaluate the effectiveness of silicon dioxide (SiO2), copper oxide (CuO), and gamma iron oxide (γFe2O3) nanoparticles in inducing systemic resistance (SR) in lettuce against R. solani by examining the molecular response, particularly the expression of pathogenesis-related and stress-regulatory genes. Additionally, assessed total protein contents, photosynthetic pigments, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzymes. The results demonstrated that NPs significantly reduced basal rot symptoms and decreased the Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) values. Treated plants also showed increased protein and chlorophyll levels compared to untreated controls. Infected plants showed higher levels of lipid peroxidation (MDA and H2O2). However, treatments with SiO2 and γFe2O3 effectively mitigated the oxidative stress. All NPs enhanced carotenoid content and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and ascorbate peroxidase [APX]), with γFe2O3 being the most effective. Importantly, NPs induced expression of pathogenesis-related genes, PR1, PR3, and PR4, as well as the Ethylene-Responsive Transcription Factor 1A gene (ERT1). The upregulation of these genes was correlated with reduced disease symptoms and improved physiological status, indicating that enhanced gene expression contributed to the observed systemic resistance. This is the first study to report the fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (FHL) gene activation in lettuce treated with CuO, γFe₂O₃, and SiO₂ nanoparticles against R. solani. These findings suggest that NPs are promising for managing R. solani in lettuce, applicable in both greenhouses and fields by enhancing systemic resistance.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles significantly reduced lettuce basal rot symptoms.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- NPse0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanit0pathogen - Outcome
- basal rot symptomse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPs significantly reduced basal rot symptoms”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles decreased lettuce root-rot AUDPC.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- nano metal oxidest0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) valuese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased the Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) values”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated lettuce had higher protein levels than controls.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Treated plantse0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated plants also showed increased protein and chlorophyll levels compared to untreated controls”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated lettuce had higher chlorophyll levels than controls.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Treated plantse0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- chlorophyll levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated plants also showed increased protein and chlorophyll levels compared to untreated controls”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected lettuce had higher MDA levels.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Infectede0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infected plants showed higher levels of lipid peroxidation (MDA and H2O2)”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected lettuce had higher H2O2 levels.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Infectede0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- H2O2e0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infected plants showed higher levels of lipid peroxidation (MDA and H2O2)”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
SiO2 treatment mitigated oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- SiO2e0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments with SiO2 and γFe2O3 effectively mitigated the oxidative stress”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
γFe2O3 treatment mitigated oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- γFe2O3e0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments with SiO2 and γFe2O3 effectively mitigated the oxidative stress”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles enhanced carotenoid content.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All NPs enhanced carotenoid content and antioxidant enzyme activity”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles enhanced SOD, CAT and APX antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and ascorbate peroxidase [APX]e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All NPs enhanced carotenoid content and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and ascorbate peroxidase [APX])”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
γFe2O3 was most effective among nanoparticle treatments.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- γFe2O3e0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with γFe2O3 being the most effective”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles induced PR1, PR3 and PR4 expression.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Gene
- PR1, PR3, and PR4e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPs induced expression of pathogenesis-related genes, PR1, PR3, and PR4”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles induced ERT1 expression.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- nano metal oxidest0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Gene
- Ethylene-Responsive Transcription Factor 1A gene (ERT1)e0
- Outcome
- Ethylene-Responsive Transcription Factor 1A gene (ERT1)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as the Ethylene-Responsive Transcription Factor 1A gene (ERT1)”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene upregulation correlated with reduced disease symptoms.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Gene
- these genese0
- Outcome
- disease symptomse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The upregulation of these genes was correlated with reduced disease symptoms and improved physiological status”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene upregulation correlated with improved physiological status.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit0pathogen
- Gene
- these genese0
- Outcome
- physiological statuse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The upregulation of these genes was correlated with reduced disease symptoms and improved physiological status”
t0“lettuce by nano metal oxides against root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
CuO activated lettuce FHL.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- CuOe0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Gene
- fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (FHL)e0
- Outcome
- gene activatione0
- Direction
- activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (FHL) gene activation in lettuce treated with CuO, γFe₂O₃, and SiO₂ nanoparticles against R. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
γFe₂O₃ activated lettuce FHL.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- γFe₂O₃e0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Gene
- fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (FHL)e0
- Outcome
- gene activatione0
- Direction
- activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (FHL) gene activation in lettuce treated with CuO, γFe₂O₃, and SiO₂ nanoparticles against R. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
SiO₂ activated lettuce FHL.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- SiO₂e0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Gene
- fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (FHL)e0
- Outcome
- gene activatione0
- Direction
- activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (FHL) gene activation in lettuce treated with CuO, γFe₂O₃, and SiO₂ nanoparticles against R. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest nanoparticles for greenhouse and field management of R. solani in lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- managing R. solanie0
- Setting
- greenhouses and fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPs are promising for managing R. solani in lettuce, applicable in both greenhouses and fields by enhancing systemic resistance”
The same questions in other papers
maghemite · Rhizoctonia solani · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.