Abstract
Due to the intensive cultivation of various crops, the surface soil layer is depleted. This leads to a decrease in fertility, losses of organic matter and nutrients, and an overall decrease in soil health. We aimed to investigate the role of green manure application and organic fertilization on winter fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cult.) in terms of agronomic and soil parameters. The cultivation was carried out in two fields, the predecessors of which were oats–vetch green manure (field 1) or fallow (field 2). In each field, five treatments were prepared: a control without fertilization, mineral fertilization, vermicompost, mineral fertilizer + vermicompost, and biochar. The green manure incorporation led to a decrease in grain yield of barley by 10.8–20.0% depending on the treatment. A similar tendency was observed for the rest of the studied agronomic parameters (thousand-grain mass, hectolitre weight, ear number, plants per hectare). Additionally, the vermicompost application had the most substantial effect, accounting for a 20.1% increase compared to the control, while the smallest was expressed by biochar—1.6%. Nevertheless, the photosynthesis intensity was higher in treatments after green manure. The microbiome’s activity was boosted in the vermicompost treatments, while amino acids, carboxylic acids, and polymers were the most fully metabolised compounds by the soil communities. In conclusion, the type of predecessor influenced mainly grain protein, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents, as well as microbial activities, respiration, and dehydrogenase, while the fertilization impacted primarily on soil water and organic content, total soil N, and photosynthetic pigments of barley plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure incorporation decreased barley grain yield by 10.8–20.0%, depending on the treatment.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.
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Hordeum vulgaree1 - Material
- Zemelae1
- Treatment
- green manure incorporatione2
- Outcome
- grain yield of barleye2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 10.8–20.0%e2
- Qualifier
- depending on the treatmente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“winter fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cult.)”
e2“The green manure incorporation led to a decrease in grain yield of barley by 10.8–20.0% depending on the treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure incorporation tended to decrease thousand-grain mass, hectolitre weight and ear number of barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- green manure incorporatione2
- Outcome
- thousand-grain mass, hectolitre weight, ear numbere3
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cult.)”
e2“The green manure incorporation led to a decrease in grain yield of barley by 10.8–20.0% depending on the treatment”
e3“A similar tendency was observed for the rest of the studied agronomic parameters (thousand-grain mass, hectolitre weight, ear number, plants per hectare)”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure incorporation tended to decrease plants per hectare of barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- green manure incorporatione2
- Outcome
- plants per hectaree3
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cult.)”
e2“The green manure incorporation led to a decrease in grain yield of barley by 10.8–20.0% depending on the treatment”
e3“A similar tendency was observed for the rest of the studied agronomic parameters (thousand-grain mass, hectolitre weight, ear number, plants per hectare)”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost application had the most substantial effect, a 20.1% increase compared to the control.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- vermicompost applicatione4
- Outcome
- effecte4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 20.1%e4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cult.)”
e4“the vermicompost application had the most substantial effect, accounting for a 20.1% increase compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar gave the smallest effect on barley, a 1.6% increase.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- biochare5
- Outcome
- effecte4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Value
- 1.6%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cult.)”
e4“the vermicompost application had the most substantial effect, accounting for a 20.1% increase compared to the control”
e5“while the smallest was expressed by biochar—1.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure increased the photosynthesis intensity of barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- green manuree6
- Outcome
- photosynthesis intensitye6
- Direction
- highere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cult.)”
e6“Nevertheless, the photosynthesis intensity was higher in treatments after green manure”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost treatments boosted the activity of the soil microbiome of barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- vermicompost treatmentse7
- Outcome
- microbiome’s activitye7
- Direction
- boostede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cult.)”
e7“The microbiome’s activity was boosted in the vermicompost treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acids, carboxylic acids and polymers were the most fully metabolised compounds by the soil communities.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaree1
- Interactor
- soil communitiese0other
- Outcome
- most fully metabolised compoundse0
- Qualifier
- amino acids, carboxylic acids, and polymerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cult.)”
e0“amino acids, carboxylic acids, and polymers were the most fully metabolised compounds by the soil communities”
Claim · model-written summary
The type of predecessor mainly influenced grain protein, carotenoids and chlorophyll contents of barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- type of predecessore2
- Outcome
- grain protein, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contentse2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cult.)”
e2“In conclusion, the type of predecessor influenced mainly grain protein, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents, as well as microbial activities, respiration, and dehydrogenase”
Claim · model-written summary
The type of predecessor mainly influenced microbial activities, respiration and dehydrogenase in the soil of barley.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgare L.Hordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- type of predecessore2
- Outcome
- microbial activities, respiration, and dehydrogenasee2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“winter fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cult.)”
e2“In conclusion, the type of predecessor influenced mainly grain protein, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents, as well as microbial activities, respiration, and dehydrogenase”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization mainly influenced soil water and organic content, total soil N and photosynthetic pigments of barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree7
- Treatment
- fertilizatione7
- Outcome
- soil water and organic content, total soil N, and photosynthetic pigmentse7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“while the fertilization impacted primarily on soil water and organic content, total soil N, and photosynthetic pigments of barley plants”
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