Abstract
Climate change, coupled with widespread soil arsenic (As) contamination, is expected to decrease rice yields and increase grain As, threatening food security. One promising mitigation strategy is alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation. However, AWD has not previously been tested under potential future climate conditions. Using rhizoboxes to visualize the rhizosphere, we evaluated the efficacy of AWD for limiting porewater and grain As under both current (daily high of 33 °C and 420 ppmv CO 2 ) and severe warming conditions (daily high of 38 °C and 850 ppmv CO 2 ). Compared to continuous flooding, AWD decreased cumulative As exposure 10 cm below the surface by 8.2× under a 33 °C climate and by 15.9× under a 38 °C climate. Grain total As concentrations decreased by 1.5× with AWD under a 33 °C climate and by 1.3× under a 38 °C climate. Porewater cadmium (Cd) concentrations often increased following drainage but never exceeded 1 μg L –1, and grain Cd concentrations were 14.7× to 119.7× lower than grain As concentrations. Both AWD and the 38 °C and 850 ppmv CO 2 climate conditions enhanced root growth. Our findings indicate that AWD may still be an effective As mitigation strategy under severe future climate conditions.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with continuous flooding, AWD decreased cumulative As exposure 10 cm below the surface 8.2-fold under a 33 °C climate.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- AWDe1
- Outcome
- cumulative As exposure 10 cm below the surfacee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 8.2×e1
- Qualifier
- under a 33 °C climatee1
- Comparator
- continuous floodinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared to continuous flooding, AWD decreased cumulative As exposure 10 cm below the surface by 8.2× under a 33 °C climate and by 15.9× under a 38 °C climate”
t0“Rice Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with continuous flooding, AWD decreased cumulative As exposure 10 cm below the surface 15.9-fold under a 38 °C climate.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe1
- Outcome
- cumulative As exposure 10 cm below the surfacee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 15.9×e1
- Qualifier
- under a 38 °C climatee1
- Comparator
- continuous floodinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared to continuous flooding, AWD decreased cumulative As exposure 10 cm below the surface by 8.2× under a 33 °C climate and by 15.9× under a 38 °C climate”
t0“Rice Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain total As concentration decreased 1.5-fold with AWD under a 33 °C climate.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe1
- Outcome
- Grain total As concentrationse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 1.5×e1
- Qualifier
- under a 33 °C climatee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grain total As concentrations decreased by 1.5× with AWD under a 33 °C climate and by 1.3× under a 38 °C climate”
t0“Rice Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain total As concentration decreased 1.3-fold with AWD under a 38 °C climate.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe1
- Outcome
- Grain total As concentrationse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 1.3×e1
- Qualifier
- under a 38 °C climatee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grain total As concentrations decreased by 1.5× with AWD under a 33 °C climate and by 1.3× under a 38 °C climate”
t0“Rice Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Porewater cadmium concentrations often increased following drainage but never exceeded 1 μg L –1.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Porewater cadmium (Cd) concentrationse1
- Value
- 1 μg L –1e1
- Qualifier
- often increased following drainagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Porewater cadmium (Cd) concentrations often increased following drainage but never exceeded 1 μg L –1”
t0“Rice Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Cd concentrations were 14.7 to 119.7 times lower than grain As concentrations.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- grain Cd concentrationse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 14.7× to 119.7×e1
- Comparator
- grain As concentrationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“grain Cd concentrations were 14.7× to 119.7× lower than grain As concentrations”
t0“Rice Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD enhanced rice root growth.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe1
- Outcome
- root growthe1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Both AWD and the 38 °C and 850 ppmv CO 2 climate conditions enhanced root growth”
t0“Rice Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
The 38 °C and 850 ppmv CO2 climate conditions enhanced rice root growth.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 38 °C and 850 ppmv CO 2 climate conditionse1
- Outcome
- root growthe1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Both AWD and the 38 °C and 850 ppmv CO 2 climate conditions enhanced root growth”
t0“Rice Grain”
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irrigation · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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See all 291 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.