Abstract
Introduction Research on optimizing light intensity to maximize phytochemical production during hemp flowering is limited, despite growing global demand. We investigated the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) intensity on hemp growth, cannabinoid content, and gene expression. Methods Hemp plants ( Cannabis sativa 'Queen Dream') were grown under white LEDs at light intensities of 200, 400, and 600 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 with a 12/12 h photoperiod for 35 days during the flowering stage. Results The dry mass of stems, leaves, and flowers increased linearly with increasing light intensity. Cannabinoid analysis revealed that levels of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid, and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid increased linearly with light intensity, reaching the highest levels at 600 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 . Total CBD increased by 36.88% at 600 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 compared to 200 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 . CBD yield per plant also increased linearly across the entire light intensity range. Gene expression analysis revealed a coordinated upregulation of genes involved in the hexanoate–olivetolic acid–cannabigerolic acid–cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway under high light intensity, with a notable increase in cannabidiolic acid synthase ( CBDAS ) expression. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that a light intensity of 600 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 effectively enhances both biomass and cannabinoid accumulation at the flowering stage, providing valuable insights for controlled-environment hemp cultivation aimed at maximizing CBD yield.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Stem, leaf and flower dry mass increased linearly with light intensity.
- Taxon
- hemp
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativat0 - Treatment
- increasing light intensitye0
- Outcome
- dry mass of stems, leaves, and flowerse0
- Direction
- increased linearlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The dry mass of stems, leaves, and flowers increased linearly with increasing light intensity”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid levels increased with light intensity.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- light intensitye0
- Outcome
- levels of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid, and tetrahydrocannabinolic acide0
- Direction
- increased linearlye0
- Value
- 600 μmol·m −2 ·s −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“levels of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid, and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid increased linearly with light intensity, reaching the highest levels at 600 μmol·m −2 ·s −1”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total CBD increased 36.88% at 600 versus 200 μmol·m −2 ·s −1.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- 600 μmol·m −2 ·s −1e0
- Outcome
- Total CBDe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36.88%e0
- Comparator
- 200 μmol·m −2 ·s −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total CBD increased by 36.88% at 600 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 compared to 200 μmol·m −2 ·s −1”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
CBD yield per plant increased linearly across the light intensity range.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- light intensitye0
- Outcome
- CBD yield per plante0
- Direction
- increased linearlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CBD yield per plant also increased linearly across the entire light intensity range”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
High light upregulated genes in the cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- high light intensitye0
- Outcome
- genes involved in the hexanoate–olivetolic acid–cannabigerolic acid–cannabinoid biosynthesis pathwaye0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a coordinated upregulation of genes involved in the hexanoate–olivetolic acid–cannabigerolic acid–cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway under high light intensity, with a notable increase in cannabidiolic acid synthase ( CBDAS ) expression”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
High light increased CBDAS expression.
- Taxon
- hempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Treatment
- high light intensitye0
- Gene
- cannabidiolic acid synthase ( CBDAS )e0
- Outcome
- cannabidiolic acid synthase ( CBDAS ) expressione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a coordinated upregulation of genes involved in the hexanoate–olivetolic acid–cannabigerolic acid–cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway under high light intensity, with a notable increase in cannabidiolic acid synthase ( CBDAS ) expression”
t0“hemp (Cannabis sativa)”
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