Abstract
Lahore has been consistently ranked as the world’s most polluted city. Because of combative ideas to construct highways, underpasses and flyovers, Lahore had lost a remarkable percentage of its tree cover over the past 15 years. The present study focuses on the outcomes of rapidly increasing air pollution on roadside vegetation. In current study, species such as Alstonia scholaris L. , Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb . Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Ficus virens Aiton, Ficus benjamina L. , Ficus religiosa Linn. , Morus alba L. , Murraya paniculata L ., Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., Polyalthia longifolia Sonn., Rubia tinctorum L. found on the seven busiest roads of Lahore were selected (on the basis of traffic densities) for biomonitoring. These plants were selected due to their prevalence and commonly occurrence on these selected roads. Variation on biochemical parameters like chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll content & carotenoids and physiological parameters like stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate were found in triplicate. By analyzing these parameters quality of air and health of plants can also be assessed. In this study the dust load was maximum on the leaves of Alstonia scholaris L. (0.02 ± 0.005), Ficus religiosa Linn. (0.02 ± 0.003), and Morus alba L . (0.02 ± 0.003) Reduction in chlorophyll was noticed in Alstonia scholaris L. (0.44 ± 0.22) and Polyalthia longiflia Sonn. (0.41 ± 0.22) while the chlorophyll concentration of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (0.71 ± 0.16), followed by Ficus benjamina L . (0.80 ± 0.25), Ficus religiosa Linn . (0.81 ± 0.30), Ficus virens Aiton . (0.64 ± 0.22), Morus alba L. (1.80 ± 0.27) and Putranjiva roxburghii Wall . (2.55 ± 0.43), was higher at polluted sites . The reduction in carotenoid content was found in Murraya paniculata L. (4.12 ± 2.18) while it was highest in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (9.12 ± 0.71) Due to the pollution stress the changes in photosynthetic rate of Alstonia scholaris L . (25.36 ± 13.10), Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. (34.37 ± 19.92), Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (28.23 ± 11.25), Murraya paniculata L. (26.80 ± 7.75), Polyalthia longifolia Sonn. (42.27 ± 22.87), and Rubia tinctorum L. (30.60 ± 4.07) was observed. The current research distinctly signifies Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Ficus benjamina L., Ficus religiosa Linn., Ficus virens Aiton., Morus alba L. and Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., have capability to hold on the stress triggered by roadside pollutants. The findings are useful to urban green space landscapers in harsh climates as they choose appropriate species that can offer a variety of ecosystem services, such as resistance to air pollution and lowering of temperature without compromising plant survival.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Dust load was maximum on the leaves of Alstonia scholaris.
- Taxon
- Alstonia scholaris
Alstonia scholarise1 - Outcome
- dust loade0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.02 ± 0.005e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dust load was maximum on the leaves of”
e1“Alstonia scholaris L. (0.02 ± 0.005)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dust load was maximum on the leaves of Ficus religiosa.
- Taxon
- Ficus religiosa
.jpg?width=60)
Ficus religiosae1 - Outcome
- dust loade0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.02 ± 0.003e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the dust load was maximum on the leaves of”
e1“Ficus religiosa Linn. (0.02 ± 0.003)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dust load was maximum on the leaves of Morus alba.
- Taxon
- Morus alba
Morus albae1 - Outcome
- dust loade0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.02 ± 0.003e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dust load was maximum on the leaves of”
e1“Morus alba L . (0.02 ± 0.003)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll was reduced in Alstonia scholaris (0.44 ± 0.22).
- Taxon
- Alstonia scholarisAlstonia scholarise0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- Reductione0
- Value
- 0.44 ± 0.22e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction in chlorophyll was noticed in Alstonia scholaris L. (0.44 ± 0.22) and Polyalthia longiflia Sonn. (0.41 ± 0.22)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll was reduced in Polyalthia longiflia (0.41 ± 0.22).
Verbatim
e0“Reduction in chlorophyll was noticed in Alstonia scholaris L. (0.44 ± 0.22) and Polyalthia longiflia Sonn. (0.41 ± 0.22)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll concentration was higher at polluted sites in Eucalyptus globulus (0.71 ± 0.16).
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus globulus
Eucalyptus globuluse0 - Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 0.71 ± 0.16e0
- Setting
- polluted sitese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chlorophyll concentration of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (0.71 ± 0.16)”
e2“was higher at polluted sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll concentration was higher at polluted sites in Ficus benjamina (0.80 ± 0.25).
- Taxon
- Ficus benjamina
Ficus benjaminae1 - Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 0.80 ± 0.25e1
- Setting
- polluted sitese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chlorophyll concentration of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (0.71 ± 0.16)”
e1“Ficus benjamina L . (0.80 ± 0.25)”
e2“was higher at polluted sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll concentration was higher at polluted sites in Ficus religiosa (0.81 ± 0.30).
- Taxon
- Ficus religiosaFicus religiosae1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 0.81 ± 0.30e1
- Setting
- polluted sitese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chlorophyll concentration of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (0.71 ± 0.16)”
e1“Ficus religiosa Linn . (0.81 ± 0.30)”
e2“was higher at polluted sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll concentration was higher at polluted sites in Ficus virens (0.64 ± 0.22).
- Taxon
- Ficus virens
.jpg?width=60)
Ficus virense1 - Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 0.64 ± 0.22e1
- Setting
- polluted sitese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the chlorophyll concentration of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (0.71 ± 0.16)”
e1“Ficus virens Aiton . (0.64 ± 0.22)”
e2“was higher at polluted sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll concentration was higher at polluted sites in Morus alba (1.80 ± 0.27).
- Taxon
- Morus albaMorus albae1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 1.80 ± 0.27e1
- Setting
- polluted sitese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chlorophyll concentration of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (0.71 ± 0.16)”
e1“Morus alba L. (1.80 ± 0.27)”
e2“was higher at polluted sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll concentration was higher at polluted sites in Putranjiva roxburghii (2.55 ± 0.43).
- Taxon
- Putranjiva roxburghii
Putranjiva roxburghiie1 - Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 2.55 ± 0.43e1
- Setting
- polluted sitese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chlorophyll concentration of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (0.71 ± 0.16)”
e1“Putranjiva roxburghii Wall . (2.55 ± 0.43)”
e2“was higher at polluted sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Carotenoid content was reduced in Murraya paniculata (4.12 ± 2.18).
- Taxon
- Murraya paniculata
Murraya paniculatae0 - Outcome
- carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 4.12 ± 2.18e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in carotenoid content was found in Murraya paniculata L. (4.12 ± 2.18) while it was highest in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (9.12 ± 0.71)”
Claim · model-written summary
Carotenoid content was highest in Eucalyptus globulus (9.12 ± 0.71).
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus globulusEucalyptus globuluse0
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 9.12 ± 0.71e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in carotenoid content was found in Murraya paniculata L. (4.12 ± 2.18) while it was highest in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (9.12 ± 0.71)”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate under pollution stress was changed in Alstonia scholaris (25.36 ± 13.10).
- Taxon
- Alstonia scholarisAlstonia scholarise1
- Treatment
- pollution stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Value
- 25.36 ± 13.10e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Due to the pollution stress the changes in photosynthetic rate of”
e1“Alstonia scholaris L . (25.36 ± 13.10)”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate under pollution stress was changed in Bougainvillea spectabilis (34.37 ± 19.92).
- Taxon
- Bougainvillea spectabilis
Bougainvillea spectabilise1 - Treatment
- pollution stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Value
- 34.37 ± 19.92e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Due to the pollution stress the changes in photosynthetic rate of”
e1“Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. (34.37 ± 19.92)”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate under pollution stress was changed in Dalbergia sissoo (28.23 ± 11.25).
- Taxon
- Dalbergia sissoo
Dalbergia sissooe1 - Treatment
- pollution stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Value
- 28.23 ± 11.25e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Due to the pollution stress the changes in photosynthetic rate of”
e1“Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (28.23 ± 11.25)”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate under pollution stress was changed in Murraya paniculata (26.80 ± 7.75).
- Taxon
- Murraya paniculataMurraya paniculatae1
- Treatment
- pollution stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Value
- 26.80 ± 7.75e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Due to the pollution stress the changes in photosynthetic rate of”
e1“Murraya paniculata L. (26.80 ± 7.75)”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate under pollution stress was changed in Polyalthia longifolia (42.27 ± 22.87).
- Taxon
- Polyalthia longifolia
Monoon longifoliume1 - Treatment
- pollution stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Value
- 42.27 ± 22.87e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Due to the pollution stress the changes in photosynthetic rate of”
e1“Polyalthia longifolia Sonn. (42.27 ± 22.87)”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate under pollution stress was changed in Rubia tinctorum (30.60 ± 4.07).
- Taxon
- Rubia tinctorum
Rubia tinctorume1 - Treatment
- pollution stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Value
- 30.60 ± 4.07e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Due to the pollution stress the changes in photosynthetic rate of”
e1“Rubia tinctorum L. (30.60 ± 4.07)”
Claim · model-written summary
Six roadside species (Eucalyptus globulus, Ficus benjamina, Ficus religiosa, Ficus virens, Morus alba and Putranjiva roxburghii) have capability to hold on to roadside-pollutant stress.
- Taxon
- Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Ficus benjamina L., Ficus religiosa Linn., Ficus virens Aiton., Morus alba L. and Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.Morus albaPutranjiva roxburghiiEucalyptus globulusFicus religiosaFicus virensFicus benjaminae0
- Outcome
- capability to hold on the stresse0
- Qualifier
- triggered by roadside pollutantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The current research distinctly signifies Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Ficus benjamina L., Ficus religiosa Linn., Ficus virens Aiton., Morus alba L. and Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., have capability to hold on the stress triggered by roadside pollutants”