Abstract
Understanding how biochar influences leaf metabolome profiles at early plant growth stages remains limited, despite evidence of its effects on roots and overall plant metabolism. This study assessed whether the application of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar (0, 1, 3, and 5% w w−1) modifies soil chemical properties and the foliar metabolic profile of soybean and maize grown under greenhouse conditions using 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analyses (PCA, one-way ANOVA, and HCA). Biochar incorporation increased the soil pH (soybean: 5.4–6.3; maize: 5.3–6.4), base saturation (soybean: 25–47%; maize: 17–54%), Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ levels while reducing potential acidity and aluminum saturation. In the foliar metabolome profiles, the 3% and 5% w w−1 biochar treatments led to higher accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (succinate, malate, and fumarate in soybean; aconitate in maize), glucose, and phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid and kaempferol derivatives), concomitant with reduced levels of metabolites linked to the stress response and nitrogen storage, such as asparagine, choline, trigonelline, and valine. Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation between the low and high biochar dose treatments, indicating a dose-dependent shift in metabolic pathways toward energy production, soluble carbohydrate, and antioxidant biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that biochar directs foliar metabolism toward biochemical routes associated with improved energy efficiency and antioxidant capacity, highlighting its potential to enhance the physiological performance and sustainability of soybean and maize cultivation.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased soil pH in soybean soil to 5.4–6.3.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Biochar incorporatione0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.4–6.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar incorporation increased the soil pH (soybean: 5.4–6.3; maize: 5.3–6.4), base saturation (soybean: 25–47%; maize: 17–54%), Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ levels while reducing potential acidity and aluminum saturation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased soil pH in maize soil to 5.3–6.4.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar incorporation increased the soil pH (soybean: 5.4–6.3; maize: 5.3–6.4), base saturation (soybean: 25–47%; maize: 17–54%), Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ levels while reducing potential acidity and aluminum saturation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased base saturation in soybean soil to 25–47%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Biochar incorporatione0
- Outcome
- base saturatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25–47%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar incorporation increased the soil pH (soybean: 5.4–6.3; maize: 5.3–6.4), base saturation (soybean: 25–47%; maize: 17–54%), Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ levels while reducing potential acidity and aluminum saturation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased base saturation in maize soil to 17–54%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar incorporation increased the soil pH (soybean: 5.4–6.3; maize: 5.3–6.4), base saturation (soybean: 25–47%; maize: 17–54%), Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ levels while reducing potential acidity and aluminum saturation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Biochar incorporatione0
- Outcome
- Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar incorporation increased the soil pH (soybean: 5.4–6.3; maize: 5.3–6.4), base saturation (soybean: 25–47%; maize: 17–54%), Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ levels while reducing potential acidity and aluminum saturation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reducing potential acidity and aluminum saturation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Biochar incorporatione0
- Outcome
- potential acidity and aluminum saturatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar incorporation increased the soil pH (soybean: 5.4–6.3; maize: 5.3–6.4), base saturation (soybean: 25–47%; maize: 17–54%), Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ levels while reducing potential acidity and aluminum saturation.”
Claim · model-written summary
High biochar doses produced higher foliar succinate, malate, and fumarate in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- foliare0
- Treatment
- 3% and 5% w w−1 biochar treatmentse0
- Outcome
- succinate, malate, and fumaratee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the foliar metabolome profiles, the 3% and 5% w w−1 biochar treatments led to higher accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (succinate, malate, and fumarate in soybean; aconitate in maize), glucose, and phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid and kaempferol derivatives), concomitant with reduced levels of metabolites linked to the stress response and nitrogen storage, such as asparagine, choline, trigonelline, and valine.”
Claim · model-written summary
High biochar doses produced higher foliar aconitate in maize.
- Organ / stage
- foliare0
- Treatment
- 3% and 5% w w−1 biochar treatmentse0
- Outcome
- aconitatee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the foliar metabolome profiles, the 3% and 5% w w−1 biochar treatments led to higher accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (succinate, malate, and fumarate in soybean; aconitate in maize), glucose, and phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid and kaempferol derivatives), concomitant with reduced levels of metabolites linked to the stress response and nitrogen storage, such as asparagine, choline, trigonelline, and valine.”
Claim · model-written summary
High biochar doses produced higher foliar glucose in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- foliare0
- Treatment
- 3% and 5% w w−1 biochar treatmentse0
- Outcome
- glucosee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the foliar metabolome profiles, the 3% and 5% w w−1 biochar treatments led to higher accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (succinate, malate, and fumarate in soybean; aconitate in maize), glucose, and phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid and kaempferol derivatives), concomitant with reduced levels of metabolites linked to the stress response and nitrogen storage, such as asparagine, choline, trigonelline, and valine.”
Claim · model-written summary
High biochar doses produced higher foliar chlorogenic acid and kaempferol derivatives in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- foliare0
- Treatment
- 3% and 5% w w−1 biochar treatmentse0
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acid and kaempferol derivativese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the foliar metabolome profiles, the 3% and 5% w w−1 biochar treatments led to higher accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (succinate, malate, and fumarate in soybean; aconitate in maize), glucose, and phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid and kaempferol derivatives), concomitant with reduced levels of metabolites linked to the stress response and nitrogen storage, such as asparagine, choline, trigonelline, and valine.”
Claim · model-written summary
High biochar doses produced reduced foliar asparagine, choline, trigonelline, and valine in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- foliare0
- Treatment
- 3% and 5% w w−1 biochar treatmentse0
- Outcome
- asparagine, choline, trigonelline, and valinee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the foliar metabolome profiles, the 3% and 5% w w−1 biochar treatments led to higher accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (succinate, malate, and fumarate in soybean; aconitate in maize), glucose, and phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid and kaempferol derivatives), concomitant with reduced levels of metabolites linked to the stress response and nitrogen storage, such as asparagine, choline, trigonelline, and valine.”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA separated low and high biochar doses, indicating a dose-dependent metabolic shift.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- clear separatione0
- Comparator
- low and high biochar dose treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation between the low and high biochar dose treatments, indicating a dose-dependent shift in metabolic pathways toward energy production, soluble carbohydrate, and antioxidant biosynthesis”
t0“soybean and maize”
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.