Abstract
Soybean meal quality for monogastric animals is limited by low sulfur-containing amino acids, especially methionine and cysteine, while oil oxidative stability is restricted by the high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. This two-year field study (2023-2024) evaluated the effects of biochar (0 and 12 t ha -1 ), cultivars differing in maturity group (MG2 and MG4), and late-season nitrogen (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha -1 at R5) on ten essential amino acids and five major fatty acids in soybean seeds using a split-split plot randomized complete block design. Late-season nitrogen at 80 kg ha -1 (N80) and 120 kg ha -1 (N120) increased the concentration of seven out of ten essential amino acids, including threonine and lysine, but did not improve the levels of methionine, cysteine, or tryptophan. Amino acid concentrations varied by year, and their responses were most pronounced in the warmer 2024 season. The growing season also affected seven amino acids between cultivars, with the MG2 cultivar accumulating 3.4-5.9% higher concentrations than the MG4 cultivar under 2024 conditions. For fatty acids, cultivar and year interaction was the dominant factor shaping seed oil quality. MG2 cultivar had a higher (55.3%) oleic to polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio [Oleic/(Linoleic + Linolenic)] compared to MG4 cultivar in 2023, while nitrogen (N80 and N120) only changed oleic acid (p = 0.048) without improving the overall O/(L+Ln) ratio. Biochar at 12 t ha -1 had no significant influence on both amino acid and fatty acid concentrations. These results highlight that biochar and nitrogen fertilization may not address the sulfur-containing amino acid deficiency or oil stability, indicating that alternative strategies will be necessary to improve soybean seed quality.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
N80 increased concentrations of seven essential amino acids, including threonine and lysine.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- 80 kg ha -1 (N80)e0
- Outcome
- concentration of seven out of ten essential amino acids, including threonine and lysinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late-season nitrogen at 80 kg ha -1 (N80) and 120 kg ha -1 (N120) increased the concentration of seven out of ten essential amino acids, including threonine and lysine”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
N120 increased concentrations of seven essential amino acids, including threonine and lysine.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 120 kg ha -1 (N120)e0
- Outcome
- concentration of seven out of ten essential amino acids, including threonine and lysinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late-season nitrogen at 80 kg ha -1 (N80) and 120 kg ha -1 (N120) increased the concentration of seven out of ten essential amino acids, including threonine and lysine”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-season nitrogen did not improve seed methionine, cysteine, or tryptophan levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Late-season nitrogene1
- Outcome
- levels of methionine, cysteine, or tryptophane0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but did not improve the levels of methionine, cysteine, or tryptophan.”
e1“Late-season nitrogen at 80 kg ha -1 (N80) and 120 kg ha -1 (N120) increased the concentration of seven out of ten essential amino acids, including threonine and lysine”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid concentrations varied by year and responded most strongly in warm 2024.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Amino acid concentrationse0
- Direction
- variede0
- Setting
- warmer 2024 seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amino acid concentrations varied by year, and their responses were most pronounced in the warmer 2024 season.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The MG2 cultivar had 3.4-5.9% higher amino acid concentrations than MG4 in 2024.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- MG2 cultivare0
- Outcome
- concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.4-5.9%e0
- Qualifier
- under 2024 conditionse0
- Comparator
- MG4 cultivare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the MG2 cultivar accumulating 3.4-5.9% higher concentrations than the MG4 cultivar under 2024 conditions.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar-by-year interaction dominated seed oil quality.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- cultivare0
- Outcome
- seed oil qualitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cultivar and year interaction was the dominant factor shaping seed oil quality.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
MG2 had a 55.3% higher oleic-to-polyunsaturated-fatty-acid ratio than MG4 in 2023.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- MG2 cultivare0
- Outcome
- oleic to polyunsaturated fatty acids ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 55.3%e0
- Qualifier
- in 2023e0
- Comparator
- MG4 cultivare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MG2 cultivar had a higher (55.3%) oleic to polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio [Oleic/(Linoleic + Linolenic)] compared to MG4 cultivar in 2023”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
N80 changed oleic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- N80e0
- Outcome
- oleic acide0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen (N80 and N120) only changed oleic acid (p = 0.048)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
N120 changed oleic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- N120e0
- Outcome
- oleic acide0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen (N80 and N120) only changed oleic acid (p = 0.048)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
N80 did not improve the overall oleic-to-polyunsaturated-fatty-acid ratio.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- N80e1
- Outcome
- overall O/(L+Ln) ratioe0
- Direction
- without improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without improving the overall O/(L+Ln) ratio.”
e1“Late-season nitrogen at 80 kg ha -1 (N80) and 120 kg ha -1 (N120) increased the concentration of seven out of ten essential amino acids, including threonine and lysine”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
N120 did not improve the overall oleic-to-polyunsaturated-fatty-acid ratio.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- N120e1
- Outcome
- overall O/(L+Ln) ratioe0
- Direction
- without improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without improving the overall O/(L+Ln) ratio.”
e1“Late-season nitrogen at 80 kg ha -1 (N80) and 120 kg ha -1 (N120) increased the concentration of seven out of ten essential amino acids, including threonine and lysine”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar had no significant effect on seed amino acid concentrations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Biochar at 12 t ha -1e0
- Outcome
- amino acide0
- Direction
- no significant influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar at 12 t ha -1 had no significant influence on both amino acid and fatty acid concentrations.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar had no significant effect on seed fatty acid concentrations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Biochar at 12 t ha -1e0
- Outcome
- fatty acid concentrationse0
- Direction
- no significant influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar at 12 t ha -1 had no significant influence on both amino acid and fatty acid concentrations.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude alternative strategies are needed to improve soybean seed quality.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- alternative strategies will be necessary to improve soybean seed qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alternative strategies will be necessary to improve soybean seed quality.”
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