Abstract
Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity. This study focused on the impact of novel applications of green-synthesized magnesium and zinc oxide nanoparticles, obtained from leaf extracts of Zizyphus Spina - Christi L. (sidr-Zs) and Eucalyptus citriodora (Hook.) (camphor-Ca), on enhancing resistance to S. rolfsii diseases through functional anatomical defense and modulation of phytohormone levels. Green-synthesized MgO and ZnO NPs exhibited spherical to ellipsoid shapes, with ZnONPs sizes from 58.77 nm (sidr) to 91.28 nm (camphor). Meanwhile, MgONPs 34.84 nm and 86.06 nm, crystallinity was confirmed with XRD. The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l), followed by 200 mg/l of ZnONP-Zs (82.02 % - 384 mg/l). MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l, resulting in enhanced epidermal intensity, increased endogenous plant hormone levels, and a reduction in disease incidence and severity to 12.5 % and 3.12 %, respectively, which aligns with improved growth characteristics. MgONP treatments reduced ABA, while increasing gibberellic acid (GA), kinetin, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in schefflera plants. The integration of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture is made possible by this study, which supports the potential use of green-synthesized ZnO and MgONPs from plant extracts as an economical and ecologically friendly method of enhancing the plant's resistance to S. rolfsii attack, and enhancing schefflera plant development and elevated phytohormone levels. • Green-synthesized ZnO and MgO nanoparticles effectively manage Sclerotium rot. • Activating specific growth hormones like GA, reducing ABA levels. • Promoting growth, and reducing disease severity in ornamental plants. • Modulation of phytohormone signaling by nanoparticles is a novel strategy for enhancing crop immunity.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr ZnO nanoparticles had a size of 58.77 nm.
- Taxon
- schefflera plants
Schefflerat0 - Outcome
- ZnONPs sizese0
- Value
- 58.77 nme0
- Qualifier
- sidre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnONPs sizes from 58.77 nm (sidr) to 91.28 nm (camphor)”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
Camphor ZnO nanoparticles had a size of 91.28 nm.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerat0
- Outcome
- ZnONPs sizese0
- Value
- 91.28 nme0
- Qualifier
- camphore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnONPs sizes from 58.77 nm (sidr) to 91.28 nm (camphor)”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
MgO nanoparticles had reported sizes of 34.84 nm and 86.06 nm.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerat0
- Outcome
- MgONPse0
- Value
- 34.84 nm and 86.06 nme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONPs 34.84 nm and 86.06 nm, crystallinity was confirmed with XRD”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr MgO nanoparticles at 200 mg/l reduced fungal mycelial dry weight by 94.02%.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerat0
- Treatment
- 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zse0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsii
Agroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen - Outcome
- mycelial dry weighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 94.02 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr MgO nanoparticles reduced oxalic acid to a reported 297 mg/l.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerat0
- Treatment
- 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zse0
- Outcome
- oxalic acide0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 297 mg/le0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr ZnO nanoparticles reduced mycelial dry weight by 82.02%.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerat0
- Treatment
- 200 mg/l of ZnONP-Zse0
- Outcome
- mycelial dry weighte3
- Direction
- reductione3
- Value
- 82.02 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by 200 mg/l of ZnONP-Zs (82.02 % - 384 mg/l)”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr ZnO nanoparticles reduced oxalic acid to a reported 384 mg/l.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerat0
- Treatment
- 200 mg/l of ZnONP-Zse0
- Outcome
- oxalic acide3
- Direction
- reductione3
- Value
- 384 mg/le0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by 200 mg/l of ZnONP-Zs (82.02 % - 384 mg/l)”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sidr MgO nanoparticles controlled schefflera rots when drenched twice.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerae0
- Treatment
- MgONPs-Zse0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Outcome
- controlling collar, stem, and root-rote0
- Direction
- optimal efficacye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
Camphor MgO nanoparticles controlled schefflera rots when drenched twice.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerae0
- Treatment
- MgONPs-Cae0
- Outcome
- controlling collar, stem, and root-rote0
- Direction
- optimal efficacye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
Camphor ZnO nanoparticles controlled schefflera rots when drenched twice.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerae0
- Treatment
- ZnONPs-Cae0
- Outcome
- controlling collar, stem, and root-rote0
- Direction
- optimal efficacye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle application enhanced epidermal intensity.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerat0
- Treatment
- nanoparticlese2
- Outcome
- epidermal intensitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in enhanced epidermal intensity, increased endogenous plant hormone levels, and a reduction in disease incidence and severity to 12.5 % and 3.12 %, respectively, which aligns with improved growth characteristics”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle application reduced disease incidence to 12.5%.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerat0
- Treatment
- nanoparticlese2
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 12.5 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in disease incidence and severity to 12.5 % and 3.12 %, respectively”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle application reduced disease severity to 3.12%.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerat0
- Treatment
- nanoparticlese2
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 3.12 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in disease incidence and severity to 12.5 % and 3.12 %, respectively”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
MgO nanoparticles reduced ABA in schefflera.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerae0
- Treatment
- MgONP treatmentse0
- Outcome
- ABAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONP treatments reduced ABA, while increasing gibberellic acid (GA), kinetin, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in schefflera plants”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”
Claim · model-written summary
MgO nanoparticles increased gibberellic acid, kinetin, and 2,4-D in schefflera.
- Taxon
- schefflera plantsSchefflerae0
- Treatment
- MgONP treatmentse0
- Outcome
- gibberellic acid (GA), kinetin, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONP treatments reduced ABA, while increasing gibberellic acid (GA), kinetin, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in schefflera plants”
t0“Sclerotium rolfsii-induced rots in schefflera plants”
e1“Sclerotium rolfsii attacks schefflera plants, causing collar, stem, and root-rot diseases, which drastically reduce schefflera productivity”
e2“MgONPs-Zs followed by MgONPs-Ca and ZnONPs-Ca nanoparticles demonstrated optimal efficacy in controlling collar, stem, and root-rot in schefflera plants when applied twice as a soil drench at 200 mg/l”
e3“The greatest reduction in mycelial dry weight and oxalic acid was achieved with 200 mg/l of MgONP-Zs (94.02 % - 297 mg/l)”