Abstract
This study compared the effects of selenium concentration and form on woody vegetable biofortification using foliar application of inorganic (sodium selenite [TN]) and organic (selenomethionine [TS]) on Erythropalum scandens, a perennial woody vine valued for both edible and medicinal uses. We evaluated the effects of different selenium concentrations (5, 10, 20, and 30 mg Se/L) on growth, physiological traits, and selenium biofortification. The results showed that: (1) Foliar application of 20 mg Se/L sodium selenite (TN) maximized the growth and physiological responses of E. scandens compared to selenomethionine (TS). This treatment significantly elevated multiple parameters relative to the control, including plant height (2.98-fold), ground diameter (2.69-fold), net photosynthetic rate (1.47-fold), chlorophyll a (1.47-fold), soluble sugars (4.53-fold), and antioxidant enzyme activities. In contrast, TS exhibited marginal effects or inhibition at higher concentrations. (2) TN20 synergistically enhanced leaf macronutrients, achieved peak Se enrichment in edible parts (0.06 mg/kg, 6-fold control, surpassing TS20 4-fold), and increased the content of dietary components, such as cellulose (1.26-fold) and vitamin C (1.79-fold), as well as the bioactive flavonoids (1.17-fold) and phenolics (1.41-fold). Conversely, TS suppressed flavonoids/phenolics and all Se treatments reduced Cu/Zn levels (TN20: Cu reduced to 20%, Zn to 37% of control). (3) The higher efficiency of sodium selenite suggests fundamental differences in the uptake, translocation, or metabolism between inorganic and organic selenium forms in E. scandens. These findings underscore the critical importance of selenium form and concentration in foliar biofortification strategies, with TN20 identified as the optimal treatment for maximizing E. scandens agronomic and nutritional outcomes.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 increased plant height 2.98-fold.
- Taxon
- E. scandens
Erythropalum scandense0 - Treatment
- Foliar application of 20 mg Se/L sodium selenite (TN)e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 2.98-folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of 20 mg Se/L sodium selenite (TN) maximized the growth and physiological responses of E. scandens compared to selenomethionine (TS). This treatment significantly elevated multiple parameters relative to the control, including plant height (2.98-fold), ground diameter (2.69-fold), net photosynthetic rate (1.47-fold), chlorophyll a (1.47-fold), soluble sugars (4.53-fold), and antioxidant enzyme activities.”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 increased ground diameter 2.69-fold.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- This treatmente0
- Outcome
- ground diametere0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 2.69-folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment significantly elevated multiple parameters relative to the control, including plant height (2.98-fold), ground diameter (2.69-fold), net photosynthetic rate (1.47-fold), chlorophyll a (1.47-fold), soluble sugars (4.53-fold), and antioxidant enzyme activities.”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 increased net photosynthetic rate 1.47-fold.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- This treatmente0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 1.47-folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment significantly elevated multiple parameters relative to the control, including plant height (2.98-fold), ground diameter (2.69-fold), net photosynthetic rate (1.47-fold), chlorophyll a (1.47-fold), soluble sugars (4.53-fold), and antioxidant enzyme activities.”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 increased chlorophyll a 1.47-fold.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- This treatmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 1.47-folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment significantly elevated multiple parameters relative to the control, including plant height (2.98-fold), ground diameter (2.69-fold), net photosynthetic rate (1.47-fold), chlorophyll a (1.47-fold), soluble sugars (4.53-fold), and antioxidant enzyme activities.”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 increased soluble sugars 4.53-fold.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- This treatmente0
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 4.53-folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment significantly elevated multiple parameters relative to the control, including plant height (2.98-fold), ground diameter (2.69-fold), net photosynthetic rate (1.47-fold), chlorophyll a (1.47-fold), soluble sugars (4.53-fold), and antioxidant enzyme activities.”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 increased antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- This treatmente0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment significantly elevated multiple parameters relative to the control, including plant height (2.98-fold), ground diameter (2.69-fold), net photosynthetic rate (1.47-fold), chlorophyll a (1.47-fold), soluble sugars (4.53-fold), and antioxidant enzyme activities.”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 enriched selenium in edible parts to 0.06 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- TN20e0
- Outcome
- Se enrichment in edible partse0
- Direction
- peake0
- Value
- 0.06 mg/kge0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TN20 synergistically enhanced leaf macronutrients, achieved peak Se enrichment in edible parts (0.06 mg/kg, 6-fold control, surpassing TS20 4-fold)”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 increased cellulose 1.26-fold.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- TN20t1
- Outcome
- cellulosee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.26-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the content of dietary components, such as cellulose (1.26-fold) and vitamin C (1.79-fold), as well as the bioactive flavonoids (1.17-fold) and phenolics (1.41-fold).”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
t1“TN20 synergistically enhanced leaf macronutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 increased vitamin C 1.79-fold.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- TN20t1
- Outcome
- vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.79-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the content of dietary components, such as cellulose (1.26-fold) and vitamin C (1.79-fold), as well as the bioactive flavonoids (1.17-fold) and phenolics (1.41-fold).”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
t1“TN20 synergistically enhanced leaf macronutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 increased flavonoids 1.17-fold.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- TN20t1
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.17-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the content of dietary components, such as cellulose (1.26-fold) and vitamin C (1.79-fold), as well as the bioactive flavonoids (1.17-fold) and phenolics (1.41-fold).”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
t1“TN20 synergistically enhanced leaf macronutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 increased phenolics 1.41-fold.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- TN20t1
- Outcome
- phenolicse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.41-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the content of dietary components, such as cellulose (1.26-fold) and vitamin C (1.79-fold), as well as the bioactive flavonoids (1.17-fold) and phenolics (1.41-fold).”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
t1“TN20 synergistically enhanced leaf macronutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
TS suppressed flavonoids and phenolics.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- TSe0
- Outcome
- flavonoids/phenolicse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TS suppressed flavonoids/phenolics”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
Claim · model-written summary
All Se treatments reduced Cu/Zn levels.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- all Se treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Cu/Zn levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all Se treatments reduced Cu/Zn levels (TN20: Cu reduced to 20%, Zn to 37% of control)”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 reduced Cu to 20% of control.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- TN20e0
- Outcome
- Cue0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TN20: Cu reduced to 20%, Zn to 37% of control”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”
Claim · model-written summary
TN20 reduced Zn to 37% of control.
- Taxon
- Erythropalum scandensErythropalum scandenst0
- Treatment
- TN20e0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TN20: Cu reduced to 20%, Zn to 37% of control”
t0“Erythropalum scandens”