Abstract
ABSTRACT Plant‐derived phytochemicals have shown promise for inhibiting viral replication, driving research into novel botanical antivirals. This study evaluated the antiviral activity of yarrow ( Achillea millefolium L.) hydroalcoholic extract (HAEx) and essential oil nanoemulsion (EON) at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% applied at different times relative to inoculation against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on non‐systemic ( Vigna unguiculata ; cowpea) and systemic ( Cucurbita pepo ; pumpkin) hosts under greenhouse conditions. HPLC‐DAD analysis identified chlorogenic acid (140.34 mg/g dry weight) as the predominant phenolic compound, while GC–MS analysis revealed 1,8‐cineol (25.35%) as the major essential oil component. A stable EON was prepared with an average particle size of 264 nm after 60 days' shelf life. Key findings include that 2%–4% HAEx or EON applied 2 h post‐inoculation significantly reduced local lesions in cowpea, whereby the strongest inhibition was achieved by 4% EON (59.82% lesion inhibition). Treatment with major active ingredients showed maximal inhibition with 8 mg/mL 1,8‐cineole applied 2 h post‐inoculation. In addition, 4% EON reduced CMV accumulation by 63.68% as shown via DAS‐ELISA in pumpkin. Furthermore, 4% EON significantly increased total phenolic content along with phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and catalase activities in CMV‐infected pumpkin relative to controls. These results suggest that the application of yarrow HAEx and EON extracts may interfere with CMV replication and induce systemic resistance in cowpea and pumpkin plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the antiphytoviral activity of A. millefolium , supporting its further evaluation for plant virus management.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorogenic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in yarrow extract.
- Taxon
- Yarrow
Achillea millefoliumt0 - Outcome
- chlorogenic acide0
- Value
- 140.34 mg/g dry weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HPLC‐DAD analysis identified chlorogenic acid (140.34 mg/g dry weight) as the predominant phenolic compound”
t0“Yarrow”
Claim · model-written summary
1,8-cineol was the major essential oil component.
- Taxon
- yarrowAchillea millefoliumt0
- Outcome
- 1,8‐cineole0
- Value
- 25.35%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GC–MS analysis revealed 1,8‐cineol (25.35%) as the major essential oil component”
t0“Yarrow”
Claim · model-written summary
The nanoemulsion remained stable with a 264 nm average particle size after 60 days.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“A stable EON was prepared with an average particle size of 264 nm after 60 days' shelf life”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-inoculation HAEx at 2%–4% significantly reduced cowpea lesions.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Treatment
- 2%–4% HAExe0
- Interactor
- Cucumber Mosaic Virus
cucumber mosaic cucumovirust0pathogen - Outcome
- local lesionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2%–4% HAEx or EON applied 2 h post‐inoculation significantly reduced local lesions in cowpea”
t0“Cucumber Mosaic Virus”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-inoculation EON at 2%–4% significantly reduced cowpea lesions.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- EONe0
- Interactor
- Cucumber Mosaic Viruscucumber mosaic cucumovirust0pathogen
- Outcome
- local lesionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2%–4% HAEx or EON applied 2 h post‐inoculation significantly reduced local lesions in cowpea”
t0“Cucumber Mosaic Virus”
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent EON gave 59.82% lesion inhibition in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- 4% EONe0
- Interactor
- Cucumber Mosaic Viruscucumber mosaic cucumovirust0pathogen
- Outcome
- lesion inhibitione0
- Direction
- strongeste0
- Value
- 59.82%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the strongest inhibition was achieved by 4% EON (59.82% lesion inhibition)”
t0“Cucumber Mosaic Virus”
e1“2%–4% HAEx or EON applied 2 h post‐inoculation significantly reduced local lesions in cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
1,8-cineole at 8 mg/mL gave maximal inhibition after inoculation.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- 8 mg/mL 1,8‐cineolee0
- Interactor
- Cucumber Mosaic Viruscucumber mosaic cucumovirust0pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- maximale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximal inhibition with 8 mg/mL 1,8‐cineole applied 2 h post‐inoculation”
t0“Cucumber Mosaic Virus”
e1“2%–4% HAEx or EON applied 2 h post‐inoculation significantly reduced local lesions in cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent EON reduced CMV accumulation in pumpkin by 63.68%.
- Taxon
- pumpkine0
- Treatment
- 4% EONe0
- Interactor
- CMVcucumber mosaic cucumoviruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- CMV accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 63.68%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4% EON reduced CMV accumulation by 63.68% as shown via DAS‐ELISA in pumpkin”
Claim · model-written summary
Four percent EON significantly increased total phenolics and four defense enzyme activities in infected pumpkin.
- Taxon
- pumpkine0
- Treatment
- 4% EONe0
- Interactor
- CMVcucumber mosaic cucumoviruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4% EON significantly increased total phenolic content along with phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and catalase activities in CMV‐infected pumpkin relative to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested yarrow products may inhibit CMV replication and induce systemic resistance.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- yarrow HAEx and EON extractse0
- Interactor
- CMVcucumber mosaic cucumoviruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- CMV replication and induce systemic resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of yarrow HAEx and EON extracts may interfere with CMV replication and induce systemic resistance in cowpea and pumpkin plants”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · cucumber mosaic cucumovirus · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
botanical · cucumber mosaic cucumovirus · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
nanoparticle · cucumber mosaic cucumovirus · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.