Abstract
Pre-emergent, selective and desiccant herbicides were tested for the control of competing vegetation in a pine and eucalypt trial and, if successful, to reduce the reliance on manual ring-weeding and/or glyphosate (current practice). Both trials consisted of ten treatments replicated three times and laid out in a randomised complete block design. The treatments included an untreated weedy control, a weedfree control (manual ring weed + glyphosate), two pre-emergent herbicides (isoxaflutole and/or indaziflam), a desiccant herbicide (pelargonic acid) and selective post-emergent herbicides (clethodim and clopyralid as a tank mix). The timing, frequency and quantity of herbicide applied per treatment were recorded after each spraying event, with vegetation cover, tree growth and phytotoxicity also assessed on these occasions. In comparison to the weedy control, all the herbicide treatments resulted in the suppression of competing vegetation, together with significantly improved tree growth (similar to that of the weedfree control). Of the herbicides tested, indaziflam and isoxaflutole provided effective and long-term suppression of the target vegetation, but with sedges and ferns not as well controlled as the other vegetation types. Although clethodim and clopyralid were effective for the control of younger, more susceptible vegetation types, they were not as effective on woody perennials. Pelargonic acid proved effective for the control of young weeds in the immediate area around the trees, but leaf scorch occurred where the herbicide came into contact with the lower needles/leaves. In the pine trial, some discolouration and abnormal needle growth was observed following application of clethodim and clopyralid, but this was transient and did not have an impact on overall tree performance. In addition to demonstrating the viability of desiccant, selective and pre-emergent herbicides as alternatives to glyphosate for vegetation management, the study showed that pre-emergent herbicides resulted in an overall reduction in the total active ingredient used to achieve this control.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments suppressed competing vegetation relative to a weedy control.
- Taxon
- pine and eucalyptt0
- Treatment
- all the herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- suppression of competing vegetatione0
- Direction
- suppressione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“all the herbicide treatments resulted in the suppression of competing vegetation”
t0“pine and eucalypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments significantly improved tree growth to a level similar to the weedfree control.
Verbatim
e0“all the herbicide treatments resulted in the suppression of competing vegetation, together with significantly improved tree growth (similar to that of the weedfree control)”
t0“pine and eucalypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Indaziflam provided long-term target vegetation suppression.
- Taxon
- pine and eucalyptt0
- Treatment
- indaziflame0
- Outcome
- suppression of the target vegetatione0
- Direction
- suppressione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“indaziflam and isoxaflutole provided effective and long-term suppression of the target vegetation”
t0“pine and eucalypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Isoxaflutole provided long-term target vegetation suppression.
- Taxon
- pine and eucalyptt0
- Treatment
- isoxaflutolee0
- Outcome
- suppression of the target vegetatione0
- Direction
- suppressione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“indaziflam and isoxaflutole provided effective and long-term suppression of the target vegetation”
t0“pine and eucalypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Sedges and ferns were controlled less effectively than other vegetation.
Verbatim
e0“sedges and ferns not as well controlled as the other vegetation types”
t0“pine and eucalypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Clethodim and clopyralid controlled younger vegetation but were less effective on woody perennials.
- Taxon
- pine and eucalyptt0
- Treatment
- clethodim and clopyralide0
- Outcome
- control of younger, more susceptible vegetation typese0
- Direction
- effectivee0
- Qualifier
- not as effective on woody perennialse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“clethodim and clopyralid were effective for the control of younger, more susceptible vegetation types, they were not as effective on woody perennials”
t0“pine and eucalypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Pelargonic acid controlled young weeds near the trees.
- Taxon
- pine and eucalyptt0
- Treatment
- Pelargonic acide0
- Outcome
- control of young weedse0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Pelargonic acid proved effective for the control of young weeds in the immediate area around the trees”
t0“pine and eucalypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Pelargonic acid contact caused leaf scorch.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“leaf scorch occurred where the herbicide came into contact with the lower needles/leaves”
t0“pine and eucalypt”
Claim · model-written summary
Clethodim and clopyralid caused transient needle discoloration and abnormal growth in pine.
- Treatment
- clethodim and clopyralide0
- Outcome
- discolouration and abnormal needle growthe0
- Qualifier
- transiente0
PinusNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“some discolouration and abnormal needle growth was observed following application of clethodim and clopyralid, but this was transient and did not have an impact on overall tree performance”
t0“pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergent herbicides reduced total active ingredient required for vegetation control.
- Taxon
- pine and eucalyptt0
- Treatment
- pre-emergent herbicidese0
- Outcome
- total active ingredient used to achieve this controle0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“pre-emergent herbicides resulted in an overall reduction in the total active ingredient used to achieve this control”
t0“pine and eucalypt”
The same questions in other papers
clopyralid · growth · PinusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.