Abstract
Embryogenesis is an essential process involving a series of formative cell divisions that contribute to establishing the plant's body axis. In many dicotyledons, the asymmetric cell division of the zygote gives rise to two daughter cells, which develop into two distinct cell lineages. In contrast, the fate of the two daughter cells and their contribution to the body axis formation remain poorly understood in the monocots. To address this question, we developed a method for three-dimensional imaging of early rice embryos. Our observations demonstrated that both an egg cell and two synergids are polarized prior to fertilization and are anchored to the micropylar end of the ovule via a cell wall-like structure stained with SR2200. Upon fertilization, the zygote undergoes an asymmetric cell division with a ventrally tilted division plane. The following cell divisions are not strictly synchronized between the apical and basal lineages, exhibiting non-stereotypic patterns up to the globular stage of embryogenesis. Furthermore, we examined the role of auxin signaling in rice embryogenesis using the auxin response sensor DR5rev::NLS-3xVENUS. The reporter activity was first detected at the center of the globular embryos and subsequently extended along the apical-basal axis as embryogenesis progressed. Our results highlight the importance of the progressive establishment of the body axes within cell populations during early embryogenesis.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Three-dimensional imaging of early rice embryos was developed.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- three-dimensional imaging of early rice embryose0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we developed a method for three-dimensional imaging of early rice embryos.”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg cells and both synergids were polarized before fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- egg cell and two synergidse0
- Outcome
- polarized prior to fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both an egg cell and two synergids are polarized prior to fertilization”
t0“3D imaging reveals robustness and plasticity of cell division in rice early embryogenesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg cells and synergids were anchored at the micropylar ovule end by a cell wall-like structure.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- ovulee0
- Outcome
- anchored to the micropylar end of the ovulee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“are anchored to the micropylar end of the ovule via a cell wall-like structure stained with SR2200.”
t0“3D imaging reveals robustness and plasticity of cell division in rice early embryogenesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilized zygotes divided asymmetrically with a ventrally tilted plane.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- zygotee0
- Outcome
- asymmetric cell division with a ventrally tilted division planee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon fertilization, the zygote undergoes an asymmetric cell division with a ventrally tilted division plane.”
t0“3D imaging reveals robustness and plasticity of cell division in rice early embryogenesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Apical and basal lineage divisions were not strictly synchronized.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- globular stage of embryogenesise0
- Outcome
- not strictly synchronized between the apical and basal lineagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The following cell divisions are not strictly synchronized between the apical and basal lineages, exhibiting non-stereotypic patterns up to the globular stage of embryogenesis.”
t0“3D imaging reveals robustness and plasticity of cell division in rice early embryogenesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell divisions showed non-stereotypic patterns through the globular stage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- globular stage of embryogenesise0
- Outcome
- non-stereotypic patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exhibiting non-stereotypic patterns up to the globular stage of embryogenesis.”
t0“3D imaging reveals robustness and plasticity of cell division in rice early embryogenesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin reporter activity first appeared at the center of globular embryos.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- globular embryose0
- Outcome
- reporter activity was first detected at the centere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reporter activity was first detected at the center of the globular embryos”
t0“3D imaging reveals robustness and plasticity of cell division in rice early embryogenesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin reporter activity later extended along the apical-basal axis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- extended along the apical-basal axise0
- Qualifier
- as embryogenesis progressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subsequently extended along the apical-basal axis as embryogenesis progressed.”
t0“3D imaging reveals robustness and plasticity of cell division in rice early embryogenesis”