Abstract
To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil, foliar application of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) was employed. The dispersion stability of nZVI was optimized by screening surfactant types (IGEPAL ® CA-720, HPCD, APG, Brij-35) and concentrations (0.1–1 g/L), followed by evaluating the inhibitory effects of nZVI at varying concentrations (0.1–1 g/L) on Flu accumulation, growth, and physiological parameters in tomatoes. The results showed that 0.5 g/L IGEPAL ® CA-720 was the optimal dispersant, which reduced the average particle size of nZVI to 150 nm, with a Zeta potential of −26.8 mV and a 24 h total iron retention rate of 92%. On this basis, spraying 0.5 g/L nZVI (Tn3 treatment) exhibited the best inhibitory effect. A surfactant-only control (Ts: Flu-contaminated soil +0.5 g/L IGEPAL ® CA-720) was added to distinguish component effects. Compared with the sole Flu contaminated treatment (T), this control only slightly reduced Flu accumulation, by 8.2% in shoots and 6.2% in roots, and alleviated growth inhibition, with an 11.4% increase in plant height and an 11.3% increase in shoot fresh weight. In contrast, Tn3 treatment significantly outperformed Ts. Compared with the T treatment, the Flu contents in shoots and roots of tomatoes in Tn3 treatment decreased by 62.4 and 30.7%, respectively, while the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) decreased by 38.9 and 46.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, Tn3 treatment significantly alleviated the inhibition of Flu stress on tomato growth: plant height and biomass increased by 36.4 and 61.3% compared with T treatment, recovering to 85.7 and 79.8% of those in the uncontaminated treatment (CK). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in Tn3 treatment significantly decreased by 31.2–35.1 and 41.2% compared with T treatment. This study demonstrates that foliar application of 0.5 g/L nZVI dispersed with 0.5 g/L IGEPAL ® CA-720 effectively inhibits Flu accumulation and mitigates stress damage in tomatoes, providing a practical strategy for crop safety in contaminated soils.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
nZVI dispersed with 0.5 g/L IGEPAL CA-720 had an average particle size of 150 nm.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“reduced the average particle size of nZVI to 150 nm, with a Zeta potential of −26.8 mV and a 24 h total iron retention rate of 92%”
Claim · model-written summary
The nZVI dispersion had a Zeta potential of −26.8 mV.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“reduced the average particle size of nZVI to 150 nm, with a Zeta potential of −26.8 mV and a 24 h total iron retention rate of 92%”
Claim · model-written summary
The nZVI dispersion retained 92% of total iron over 24 h.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“reduced the average particle size of nZVI to 150 nm, with a Zeta potential of −26.8 mV and a 24 h total iron retention rate of 92%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spraying with 0.5 g/L nZVI had the best inhibitory effect on fluoranthene accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- spraying 0.5 g/L nZVIe1
- Outcome
- inhibitory effecte1
- Direction
- best inhibitory effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“spraying 0.5 g/L nZVI (Tn3 treatment) exhibited the best inhibitory effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Tn3 treatment decreased Flu content in shoots by 62.4% compared with the T treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tn3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- Flu contentse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 62.4e1
- Qualifier
- shootse1
- Comparator
- the T treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Compared with the T treatment, the Flu contents in shoots and roots of tomatoes in Tn3 treatment decreased by 62.4 and 30.7%, respectively, while the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) decreased by 38.9 and 46.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Tn3 treatment decreased Flu content in roots by 30.7% compared with the T treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tn3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- Flu contentse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 30.7%e1
- Qualifier
- rootse1
- Comparator
- the T treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Compared with the T treatment, the Flu contents in shoots and roots of tomatoes in Tn3 treatment decreased by 62.4 and 30.7%, respectively, while the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) decreased by 38.9 and 46.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Tn3 treatment decreased the bioconcentration factor by 38.9% compared with the T treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tn3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- bioconcentration factor (BCF)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 38.9e1
- Comparator
- the T treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Compared with the T treatment, the Flu contents in shoots and roots of tomatoes in Tn3 treatment decreased by 62.4 and 30.7%, respectively, while the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) decreased by 38.9 and 46.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Tn3 treatment decreased the translocation factor by 46.1% compared with the T treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tn3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- translocation factor (TF)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 46.1%e1
- Comparator
- the T treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Compared with the T treatment, the Flu contents in shoots and roots of tomatoes in Tn3 treatment decreased by 62.4 and 30.7%, respectively, while the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) decreased by 38.9 and 46.1%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Tn3 treatment increased plant height by 36.4% compared with the T treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tn3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 36.4e1
- Comparator
- T treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Meanwhile, Tn3 treatment significantly alleviated the inhibition of Flu stress on tomato growth: plant height and biomass increased by 36.4 and 61.3% compared with T treatment, recovering to 85.7 and 79.8% of those in the uncontaminated treatment (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tn3 treatment increased biomass by 61.3% compared with the T treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tn3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 61.3%e1
- Comparator
- T treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Meanwhile, Tn3 treatment significantly alleviated the inhibition of Flu stress on tomato growth: plant height and biomass increased by 36.4 and 61.3% compared with T treatment, recovering to 85.7 and 79.8% of those in the uncontaminated treatment (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tn3 treatment recovered plant height to 85.7% of the uncontaminated control.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tn3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- recovering toe1
- Value
- 85.7e1
- Comparator
- uncontaminated treatment (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Meanwhile, Tn3 treatment significantly alleviated the inhibition of Flu stress on tomato growth: plant height and biomass increased by 36.4 and 61.3% compared with T treatment, recovering to 85.7 and 79.8% of those in the uncontaminated treatment (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tn3 treatment recovered biomass to 79.8% of the uncontaminated control.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tn3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- recovering toe1
- Value
- 79.8%e1
- Comparator
- uncontaminated treatment (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Meanwhile, Tn3 treatment significantly alleviated the inhibition of Flu stress on tomato growth: plant height and biomass increased by 36.4 and 61.3% compared with T treatment, recovering to 85.7 and 79.8% of those in the uncontaminated treatment (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tn3 treatment significantly decreased SOD, POD and CAT activities by 31.2–35.1% compared with the T treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tn3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)e1
- Direction
- significantly decreasede1
- Value
- 31.2–35.1e1
- Comparator
- T treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in Tn3 treatment significantly decreased by 31.2–35.1 and 41.2% compared with T treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Tn3 treatment significantly decreased malondialdehyde content by 41.2% compared with the T treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tn3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- content of malondialdehyde (MDA)e1
- Direction
- significantly decreasede1
- Value
- 41.2%e1
- Comparator
- T treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in Tn3 treatment significantly decreased by 31.2–35.1 and 41.2% compared with T treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The surfactant-only control slightly reduced Flu accumulation in shoots by 8.2%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Ts: Flu-contaminated soil +0.5 g/L IGEPAL ® CA-720e2
- Outcome
- Flu accumulatione1
- Direction
- slightly reducede1
- Value
- 8.2%e1
- Qualifier
- in shootse1
- Comparator
- sole Flu contaminated treatment (T)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Compared with the sole Flu contaminated treatment (T), this control only slightly reduced Flu accumulation, by 8.2% in shoots and 6.2% in roots, and alleviated growth inhibition, with an 11.4% increase in plant height and an 11.3% increase in shoot fresh weight”
e2“A surfactant-only control (Ts: Flu-contaminated soil +0.5 g/L IGEPAL ® CA-720) was added to distinguish component effects”
Claim · model-written summary
The surfactant-only control slightly reduced Flu accumulation in roots by 6.2%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Ts: Flu-contaminated soil +0.5 g/L IGEPAL ® CA-720e2
- Outcome
- Flu accumulatione1
- Direction
- slightly reducede1
- Value
- 6.2%e1
- Qualifier
- in rootse1
- Comparator
- sole Flu contaminated treatment (T)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Compared with the sole Flu contaminated treatment (T), this control only slightly reduced Flu accumulation, by 8.2% in shoots and 6.2% in roots, and alleviated growth inhibition, with an 11.4% increase in plant height and an 11.3% increase in shoot fresh weight”
e2“A surfactant-only control (Ts: Flu-contaminated soil +0.5 g/L IGEPAL ® CA-720) was added to distinguish component effects”
Claim · model-written summary
The surfactant-only control increased plant height by 11.4% compared with the sole Flu treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Ts: Flu-contaminated soil +0.5 g/L IGEPAL ® CA-720e2
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 11.4%e1
- Comparator
- sole Flu contaminated treatment (T)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Compared with the sole Flu contaminated treatment (T), this control only slightly reduced Flu accumulation, by 8.2% in shoots and 6.2% in roots, and alleviated growth inhibition, with an 11.4% increase in plant height and an 11.3% increase in shoot fresh weight”
e2“A surfactant-only control (Ts: Flu-contaminated soil +0.5 g/L IGEPAL ® CA-720) was added to distinguish component effects”
Claim · model-written summary
The surfactant-only control increased shoot fresh weight by 11.3% compared with the sole Flu treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Ts: Flu-contaminated soil +0.5 g/L IGEPAL ® CA-720e2
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 11.3%e1
- Comparator
- sole Flu contaminated treatment (T)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“Compared with the sole Flu contaminated treatment (T), this control only slightly reduced Flu accumulation, by 8.2% in shoots and 6.2% in roots, and alleviated growth inhibition, with an 11.4% increase in plant height and an 11.3% increase in shoot fresh weight”
e2“A surfactant-only control (Ts: Flu-contaminated soil +0.5 g/L IGEPAL ® CA-720) was added to distinguish component effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Tn3 treatment significantly outperformed the surfactant-only control Ts.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tn3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- significantly outperformede1
- Direction
- significantly outperformede1
- Comparator
- Tse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To inhibit the uptake and accumulation of fluoranthene (Flu) in tomatoes cultivated in Flu-contaminated soil”
e1“In contrast, Tn3 treatment significantly outperformed Ts”