Abstract
Temperature influences the distribution and performance of both plants and insect herbivores. Consequently, plant-herbivore interactions are likely to vary across thermal gradients, which could affect the evolution of plant defense. Furthermore, temperature fluctuations may elicit immediate changes in defense. To study the evolutionary and ecological aspects of plant antiherbivore defense depending on temperature, we conducted a transplant experiment on a mountain slope involving 30 Brassicaceae species varying in elevational distribution. Additionally, we carried out a climate-chamber experiment on a subset of 12 species to assess the temperature dependence of constitutive and induced defenses. The transplant experiment revealed that species from higher elevations experienced less herbivory than those from lower elevations. The climate-chamber experiment demonstrated that high-elevation species mounted stronger induced defenses in physical properties of leaves and in phytochemical diversity. Plant responses to low temperature, compared to control temperature, were lower constitutive defense and increased defense induction limited to leaf toughness. By contrast, high temperature increased constitutive chemical defense and defense-induced leaf toughness. Results suggest higher herbivory resistance in high-elevation Brassicaceae species by the induced remodeling of chemical defense. Such defense indication may have been shaped by rare but hard-to-tolerate herbivory in the evolutionary past.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Higher-elevation Brassicaceae species experienced less herbivory than lower-elevation species.
- Taxon
- Brassicaceae speciesBrassicaceaee1
- Outcome
- herbivorye0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- lower elevationse0
- Setting
- higher elevationse0
Not reportedInteractor
Verbatim
e0“species from higher elevations experienced less herbivory than those from lower elevations”
t0“plant species”
e1“30 Brassicaceae species varying in elevational distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
High-elevation species mounted stronger induced leaf physical defenses.
Verbatim
e0“high-elevation species mounted stronger induced defenses in physical properties of leaves and in phytochemical diversity”
t0“plant species”
e1“30 Brassicaceae species varying in elevational distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
High-elevation species mounted stronger induced defense in phytochemical diversity.
- Taxon
- Brassicaceae speciesBrassicaceaee1
- Outcome
- phytochemical diversitye0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Setting
- high-elevatione0
Verbatim
e0“high-elevation species mounted stronger induced defenses in physical properties of leaves and in phytochemical diversity”
t0“plant species”
e1“30 Brassicaceae species varying in elevational distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature reduced constitutive defense relative to control temperature.
Verbatim
e0“Plant responses to low temperature, compared to control temperature, were lower constitutive defense”
t0“plant species”
e1“30 Brassicaceae species varying in elevational distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature increased defense induction in leaf toughness relative to control temperature.
Verbatim
e0“low temperature, compared to control temperature, were lower constitutive defense and increased defense induction limited to leaf toughness”
t0“plant species”
e1“30 Brassicaceae species varying in elevational distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased constitutive chemical defense.
- Taxon
- Brassicaceae speciesBrassicaceaee1
- Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- constitutive chemical defensee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“high temperature increased constitutive chemical defense and defense-induced leaf toughness”
t0“plant species”
e1“30 Brassicaceae species varying in elevational distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased defense-induced leaf toughness.
- Taxon
- Brassicaceae speciesBrassicaceaee1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- defense-induced leaf toughnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“high temperature increased constitutive chemical defense and defense-induced leaf toughness”
t0“plant species”
e1“30 Brassicaceae species varying in elevational distribution”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret induced chemical-defense remodeling as giving high-elevation Brassicaceae greater herbivory resistance.
Verbatim
e0“Results suggest higher herbivory resistance in high-elevation Brassicaceae species by the induced remodeling of chemical defense”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors hypothesize that rare, difficult-to-tolerate past herbivory shaped defense induction.
- Taxon
- Brassicaceae speciesBrassicaceaee1
- Outcome
- defense indicatione0
- Qualifier
- rare but hard-to-tolerate herbivory in the evolutionary paste0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Such defense indication may have been shaped by rare but hard-to-tolerate herbivory in the evolutionary past”
t0“plant species”
e1“30 Brassicaceae species varying in elevational distribution”