Abstract
Lettuce and arugula are the most cultivated leafy vegetables in hydroponic systems in the world, and the little information about Azospirillum brasilense effects in research in this system makes it necessary to verify the best method of inoculation of these bacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the beneficial effects of inoculation methods of A. brasilense on plant growth and nutrition of lettuce and arugula grown in the hydroponic system. The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading. A randomized block design with five replicates in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme was used. Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated. All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce. Inoculation via nutrient solution + foliar application of A. brasilense is the most suitable for hydroponic arugula cultivation because it provides greater fresh leaf yield. All inoculation methods increased leaf yield in hydroponic lettuce. Hydroponic arugula and lettuce plants showed greater accumulation of nutrients and plant growth with less nitrate accumulation in the shoot under inoculation with A. brasilense.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass of arugula in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- arugula
Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativae1 - Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilense
Azospirillum brasilensee3symbiont - Outcome
- plant height, shoot fresh and dry masse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved root fresh and dry mass of arugula in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- arugulaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- root fresh and dry masse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index of arugula in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- arugulaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll indexe1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium of arugula in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- arugulaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calciume1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved sulfur, phosphorus, iron of arugula in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- arugulaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- sulfur, phosphorus, irone1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved manganese, and copper of arugula in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- arugulaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- manganese, and coppere1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- arugulaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrate accumulation in shoot and roote1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass of lettuce in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae1 - Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- plant height, shoot fresh and dry masse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved root fresh and dry mass of lettuce in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- root fresh and dry masse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index of lettuce in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll indexe1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium of lettuce in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calciume1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved sulfur, phosphorus, iron of lettuce in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- sulfur, phosphorus, irone1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods improved manganese, and copper of lettuce in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- manganese, and coppere1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
A. brasilense inoculation methods reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of lettuce in hydroponic culture
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- A. brasilense inoculation methodse3
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee3symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrate accumulation in shoot and roote1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede3
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce”
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e3“Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species -arugula and lettuce -were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient solution plus foliar application of A. brasilense gave the greatest fresh leaf yield of hydroponic arugula
- Taxon
- arugulaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae4
- Treatment
- nutrient solution + foliar applicatione4
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee4symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh leaf yielde4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Setting
- greenhouse with 30% shadinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading”
e4“Inoculation via nutrient solution + foliar application of A. brasilense is the most suitable for hydroponic arugula cultivation because it provides greater fresh leaf yield”
The same questions in other papers
Azospirillum brasilense · physiology: pigments · Eruca vesicariaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Azospirillum brasilense · nutrient: content · Eruca vesicariaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Azospirillum brasilense · molecular: metabolites · Eruca vesicariaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Azospirillum brasilense · nutrient: content · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Azospirillum brasilense · growth · Eruca vesicariaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Azospirillum brasilense · molecular: metabolites · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Azospirillum brasilense · growth · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Azospirillum brasilense · physiology: pigments · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 of 16 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.