Abstract
• Brassinosteroids (BRs) enhance the activities of enzymes involved in phosphorus (P) acquisition and utilization. • BRs up-regulate the expression of genes related to P uptake and transport. • BRs promote P remobilization from vegetative tissues to the grain during maturity. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a novel class of plant hormones that play important roles in regulating plant growth and development, as well as in responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known whether and how BRs mediate phosphorus (P) acquisition and utilization in rice. This study investigated the question. Both hydroponics and field experiments were conducted in 2019-2024 by using rice varieties either with strong tolerance to low P (SVs) or with weak tolerance to low P (WVs). The results showed that the SVs had higher levels of BRs including 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) and 28-homobrassinolide (28-HBL) in both roots and leaves than WVs at each growth stage and under a low P (LP) condition. Levels of 24-EBL and 28-HBL were very significantly and positively correlated with the parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilization, such as P content, activities of acid phosphatase and proton-pumping adenosine triphosphatase, and P remobilization, leading to more P accumulation and higher P harvest index, internal P use efficiency, and grain yield for SVs. In contrast, levels of other phytohormones including cytokinins (zeatin+zeatin riboside), indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acids (GA 1 +GA 4 ), abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene were neither markedly different between SVs and WVs nor significantly correlated with the parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilization under LP. Applying 24-EBL prominently increased BRs levels in plants, improved the parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilization, up-regulated expression of the genes involved in P uptake and transport, and increased P remobilization, internal P use efficiency, and grain yield, whereas applying brassinazole, an inhibitor of BRs synthesis, exhibited opposite effects. These findings shed light on the role and mechanism of BRs in mediating P acquisition and utilization, and provide a strategy for synergistically improving grain yield and P use efficiency through increasing BRs levels in the plants in rice breeding and crop management.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Low-P-tolerant varieties had higher root and leaf 24-EBL and 28-HBL than weakly tolerant varieties at each growth stage under low P.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- SVse0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese0
- Outcome
- higher levels of BRse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- under a low P (LP) conditione0
- Comparator
- WVse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the SVs had higher levels of BRs including 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) and 28-homobrassinolide (28-HBL) in both roots and leaves than WVs at each growth stage and under a low P (LP) condition.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL and 28-HBL levels were very significantly positively correlated with P content, enzyme activities and P remobilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- 24-EBL and 28-HBLe0
- Outcome
- P content, activities of acid phosphatase and proton-pumping adenosine triphosphatase, and P remobilizatione0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Levels of 24-EBL and 28-HBL were very significantly and positively correlated with the parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilization, such as P content, activities of acid phosphatase and proton-pumping adenosine triphosphatase, and P remobilization, leading to more P accumulation and higher P harvest index, internal P use efficiency, and grain yield for SVs.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The positive associations led to more P accumulation and higher P harvest index, internal P use efficiency and grain yield for SVs.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- SVse0
- Outcome
- P accumulation and higher P harvest index, internal P use efficiency, and grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leading to more P accumulation and higher P harvest index, internal P use efficiency, and grain yield for SVs.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Other phytohormone levels were not markedly different between SVs and WVs under low P.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- SVse0
- Outcome
- levels of other phytohormonese0
- Direction
- neither markedly differente0
- Qualifier
- under LPe0
- Comparator
- WVse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“levels of other phytohormones including cytokinins (zeatin+zeatin riboside), indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acids (GA 1 +GA 4 ), abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene were neither markedly different between SVs and WVs nor significantly correlated with the parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilization under LP.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Other phytohormone levels were not significantly correlated with P acquisition and utilization parameters under low P.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- cytokinins (zeatin+zeatin riboside)e0
- Outcome
- parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilizatione0
- Qualifier
- under LPe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“levels of other phytohormones including cytokinins (zeatin+zeatin riboside), indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acids (GA 1 +GA 4 ), abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene were neither markedly different between SVs and WVs nor significantly correlated with the parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilization under LP.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 24-EBL increased plant BR levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Applying 24-EBLe0
- Outcome
- BRs levels in plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying 24-EBL prominently increased BRs levels in plants, improved the parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilization, up-regulated expression of the genes involved in P uptake and transport, and increased P remobilization, internal P use efficiency, and grain yield, whereas applying brassinazole, an inhibitor of BRs synthesis, exhibited opposite effects.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 24-EBL improved P acquisition and utilization parameters.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Applying 24-EBLe0
- Outcome
- parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilizatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying 24-EBL prominently increased BRs levels in plants, improved the parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilization, up-regulated expression of the genes involved in P uptake and transport, and increased P remobilization, internal P use efficiency, and grain yield, whereas applying brassinazole, an inhibitor of BRs synthesis, exhibited opposite effects.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 24-EBL up-regulated expression of P uptake and transport genes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Applying 24-EBLe0
- Outcome
- expression of the genes involved in P uptake and transporte0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying 24-EBL prominently increased BRs levels in plants, improved the parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilization, up-regulated expression of the genes involved in P uptake and transport, and increased P remobilization, internal P use efficiency, and grain yield, whereas applying brassinazole, an inhibitor of BRs synthesis, exhibited opposite effects.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 24-EBL increased P remobilization, internal P use efficiency and grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Applying 24-EBLe0
- Outcome
- P remobilization, internal P use efficiency, and grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying 24-EBL prominently increased BRs levels in plants, improved the parameters reflecting P acquisition and utilization, up-regulated expression of the genes involved in P uptake and transport, and increased P remobilization, internal P use efficiency, and grain yield, whereas applying brassinazole, an inhibitor of BRs synthesis, exhibited opposite effects.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying brassinazole had effects opposite to those of 24-EBL.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- applying brassinazolee0
- Outcome
- opposite effectse0
- Direction
- oppositee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas applying brassinazole, an inhibitor of BRs synthesis, exhibited opposite effects.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose increasing rice BR levels in breeding and crop management to improve grain yield and P use efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing BRs levelse0
- Outcome
- improving grain yield and P use efficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“provide a strategy for synergistically improving grain yield and P use efficiency through increasing BRs levels in the plants in rice breeding and crop management.”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.