Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of soil tillage system, plant density, and herbicide background on the rate of maize phenological development under the continental climatic conditions of the Polissia region of Ukraine. The experiment was conducted during 2023-2025 and included three tillage systems (deep plowing, disking, and rotary tillage), two levels of plant density (1.1 and 1.3 seed units ha-1), and two herbicide backgrounds (with and without herbicides) arranged in a three-factor design with three replications. Phenological phases (from SeedGerm to FullRip) were recorded based on the calendar dates of their occurrence. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression modelling, and comparison of adjusted means. The results revealed that soil tillage was the dominant factor determining the rate of maize development. Minimal and shallow tillage accelerated the progression of phenological phases by 2-5 days compared with deep plowing. The herbicide background had a critical effect on the middle and late development phases: the absence of herbicides increased the duration of the ThrowPanic-FullRip interval by 6-10 days due to enhanced weed competition. The interaction F1×F3 was statistically significant in most phases and determined the overall developmental rate. Plant density had a secondary effect, expressed only through its interaction with the herbicide background. The fastest development was observed in the S3H1A2 combination (rotary tillage, herbicides, increased density), whereas the slowest was recorded in S1H2A2 (deep plowing, no herbicides, increased density). The study concluded that optimising the soil tillage system in combination with effective weed control is crucial for accelerating maize development and ensuring stable productivity in the Polissia region. Minimal tillage combined with herbicide protection can be recommended as the most effective strategy for improving growth rates, shortening the vegetation period, and enhancing the agrobiological resilience of maize under regional conditions
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Minimal and shallow tillage accelerated maize phenological progression by 2-5 days relative to deep plowing.
- Treatment
- Minimal and shallow tillagee0
- Outcome
- progression of phenological phasese0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Value
- 2-5 dayse0
- Comparator
- deep plowinge0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“Minimal and shallow tillage accelerated the progression of phenological phases by 2-5 days compared with deep plowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Absence of herbicides lengthened the ThrowPanic-FullRip interval by 6-10 days through greater weed competition.
- Treatment
- absence of herbicidese0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- duration of the ThrowPanic-FullRip intervale0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6-10 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“the absence of herbicides increased the duration of the ThrowPanic-FullRip interval by 6-10 days due to enhanced weed competition”
Claim · model-written summary
The tillage by herbicide interaction was statistically significant in most phases and determined overall developmental rate.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“The interaction F1×F3 was statistically significant in most phases and determined the overall developmental rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant density affected developmental rate only in interaction with the herbicide background.
- Treatment
- Plant densitye0
- Outcome
- secondary effecte0
- Qualifier
- interaction with the herbicide backgrounde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“Plant density had a secondary effect, expressed only through its interaction with the herbicide background”
Claim · model-written summary
The rotary tillage, herbicide and increased density combination developed fastest.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“The fastest development was observed in the S3H1A2 combination (rotary tillage, herbicides, increased density)”
Claim · model-written summary
The deep plowing, no herbicide and increased density combination developed slowest.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“the slowest was recorded in S1H2A2 (deep plowing, no herbicides, increased density)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend minimal tillage with herbicide protection to improve maize growth, shorten its vegetation period and improve resilience.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
e0“Minimal tillage combined with herbicide protection can be recommended as the most effective strategy for improving growth rates, shortening the vegetation period, and enhancing the agrobiological resilience of maize under regional conditions”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · quality: phytochemicals · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.