Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter spp. can infect most citrus plants and rely entirely on phloem sieve tube cells of the host plant for survival. Candidatus Liberibacter primarily contains Ca. L. asiaticus (CLas), Ca. L. africanus (CLaf), and Ca. L. americanus (CLam). Among these, CLas is the most harmful and widely distributed and is the primary pathogen of the devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB). Effectors are among the core weapons secreted by pathogens into plant cells to attack the plant immune system. In this study, we focused on CLas-specific effectors and those that are highly expressed during the infection stage to identify essential virulence effectors. Using secretion signal peptide prediction analysis, 40 candidate effectors with potential secretory capabilities were identified. Transient expression of these candidate effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed their impact on pattern-triggered immunity, including INF-induced cell death and microbial pattern-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, and the resistance of N. benthamiana to the bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000. 10 candidate effectors capable of suppressing plant immunity were identified. The stable expression of these candidate effectors in Arabidopsis showed that several candidate effectors enhanced plant susceptibility to Pst DC3000 and inhibited flg22-induced ROS production and MAPK activation. Among the three candidate effectors that significantly suppressed ROS burst, one effector, E3 (CLIBASIA_03085), interacts with the plant NADPH oxidase RbohD, a key enzyme responsible for ROS production. This suggests that E3 likely inhibits ROS accumulation by directly targeting RbohD. Here, we identified multiple candidate effectors capable of suppressing microbial pattern-triggered immunity that may be essential virulence factors for CLas infection, enhancing our understanding of CLas pathogenesis.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Secretion signal prediction identified 40 candidate effectors of Ca. L. asiaticus with potential secretory capabilities.
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Candidatus Liberibacter primarily contains Ca. L. asiaticus (CLas), Ca. L. africanus (CLaf), and Ca. L. americanus (CLam)”
e1“CLas is the most harmful and widely distributed and is the primary pathogen of the devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB)”
e2“can infect most citrus plants”
e4“Using secretion signal peptide prediction analysis, 40 candidate effectors with potential secretory capabilities were identified”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient expression of candidate effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana affected INF-induced cell death and microbial pattern-induced ROS bursts.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae3 - Outcome
- INF-induced cell death and microbial pattern-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burstse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Candidatus Liberibacter primarily contains Ca. L. asiaticus (CLas), Ca. L. africanus (CLaf), and Ca. L. americanus (CLam)”
e1“CLas is the most harmful and widely distributed and is the primary pathogen of the devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB)”
e3“Transient expression of these candidate effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed their impact on pattern-triggered immunity, including INF-induced cell death and microbial pattern-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, and the resistance of N. benthamiana to the bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient expression of candidate effectors affected resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana to Pst DC3000.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae3
- Interactor
- Pst DC3000e3pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance of N. benthamianae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Transient expression of these candidate effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed their impact on pattern-triggered immunity, including INF-induced cell death and microbial pattern-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, and the resistance of N. benthamiana to the bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten candidate effectors of Ca. L. asiaticus were capable of suppressing plant immunity.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Candidatus Liberibacter primarily contains Ca. L. asiaticus (CLas), Ca. L. africanus (CLaf), and Ca. L. americanus (CLam)”
e1“CLas is the most harmful and widely distributed and is the primary pathogen of the devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB)”
e2“can infect most citrus plants”
e5“10 candidate effectors capable of suppressing plant immunity were identified”
Claim · model-written summary
Stable expression of candidate effectors enhanced Arabidopsis susceptibility to Pst DC3000.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise6 - Treatment
- stable expression of these candidate effectorse6
- Interactor
- Pst DC3000e6pathogen
- Outcome
- plant susceptibility to Pst DC3000e6
- Direction
- enhancede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The stable expression of these candidate effectors in Arabidopsis showed that several candidate effectors enhanced plant susceptibility to Pst DC3000 and inhibited flg22-induced ROS production and MAPK activation”
Claim · model-written summary
Stable expression of candidate effectors inhibited flg22-induced ROS production and MAPK activation in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise6
- Treatment
- stable expression of these candidate effectorse6
- Outcome
- flg22-induced ROS production and MAPK activatione6
- Direction
- inhibitede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The stable expression of these candidate effectors in Arabidopsis showed that several candidate effectors enhanced plant susceptibility to Pst DC3000 and inhibited flg22-induced ROS production and MAPK activation”
Claim · model-written summary
Three candidate effectors significantly suppressed the ROS burst in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise6
- Outcome
- ROS burste7
- Direction
- suppressede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The stable expression of these candidate effectors in Arabidopsis showed that several candidate effectors enhanced plant susceptibility to Pst DC3000 and inhibited flg22-induced ROS production and MAPK activation”
e7“Among the three candidate effectors that significantly suppressed ROS burst, one effector, E3 (CLIBASIA_03085), interacts with the plant NADPH oxidase RbohD”
Claim · model-written summary
Effector E3 (CLIBASIA_03085) interacts with the plant NADPH oxidase RbohD in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise6
- Gene
- RbohDe7
- Outcome
- interacts with the plant NADPH oxidase RbohDe7
- Qualifier
- E3 (CLIBASIA_03085)e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The stable expression of these candidate effectors in Arabidopsis showed that several candidate effectors enhanced plant susceptibility to Pst DC3000 and inhibited flg22-induced ROS production and MAPK activation”
e7“Among the three candidate effectors that significantly suppressed ROS burst, one effector, E3 (CLIBASIA_03085), interacts with the plant NADPH oxidase RbohD”
Claim · model-written summary
E3 likely inhibits ROS accumulation by directly targeting RbohD.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise6
- Gene
- RbohDe1
- Outcome
- ROS accumulatione1
- Qualifier
- directly targeting RbohDe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The stable expression of these candidate effectors in Arabidopsis showed that several candidate effectors enhanced plant susceptibility to Pst DC3000 and inhibited flg22-induced ROS production and MAPK activation”
e1“This suggests that E3 likely inhibits ROS accumulation by directly targeting RbohD”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.