Abstract
Industrial hemp offers several advantages for phytomanaging metal(loid)-contaminated soils as it can provide valuable biomass notably for bioenergy while accumulating some metals (i.e., Cd and Zn) in its shoots. In a previous pot study humic/fulvic acids (HFA) incorporated into the soil with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhanced hemp growth. This study assessed the biostimulant effect of HFA, alone or paired with AMF (HFAxAMF), on the shoot yield and shoot Cd, Pb and Zn uptakes in a 2-year field trial in view of producing clean, renewable liquid biofuels. The trial (0.07 ha) was carried out at a contaminated agricultural field in a randomized split-plot design (nine blocks). Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1. Effects of HFA and HFAxAMF treatments on the behavior of metals and plants were compared to an unamended one. Hemp produced on average 10.7 (year 1)–14.5 (year 2) t DW ha−1 despite a severe drought in year 1. Neither HFA nor HFAxAMF treatments enhanced shoot yield. Shoot Cd, Pb and Zn uptakes reached 9.9, 230, and 869 g ha−1 year−1, respectively. In year 2, shoot Cd uptake improved under all treatments and the 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations at harvest decreased by 95, 79 and 96%, respectively. Hemp was a relevant plant species for phytomanaging this metal-contaminated soil under current climatic constraints. The potential bioethanol yield was estimated in the 3851–6481 L ha−1 range. Overall, hemp can simultaneously reduce soil metal availability while producing a biomass convertible into liquid biofuels. This highlights its strong potential as a dual-purpose crop for sustainable and progressive phytoremediation and renewable energy production.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Hemp produced on average 10.7 to 14.5 t DW per ha over two years despite a severe drought in year 1.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativae0 - Outcome
- produced on averagee1
- Value
- 10.7 (year 1)–14.5 (year 2) t DW ha−1e1
- Qualifier
- despite a severe drought in year 1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1”
e1“Hemp produced on average 10.7 (year 1)–14.5 (year 2) t DW ha−1 despite a severe drought in year 1”
Claim · model-written summary
HFA treatment did not enhance hemp shoot yield compared with the unamended control.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae0
- Treatment
- HFAe2
- Outcome
- shoot yielde2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- unamended onee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1”
e2“Neither HFA nor HFAxAMF treatments enhanced shoot yield”
e3“Effects of HFA and HFAxAMF treatments on the behavior of metals and plants were compared to an unamended one”
Claim · model-written summary
HFA combined with AMF did not enhance hemp shoot yield compared with the unamended control.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae0
- Treatment
- HFAxAMFe2
- Outcome
- shoot yielde2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- unamended onee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1”
e2“Neither HFA nor HFAxAMF treatments enhanced shoot yield”
e3“Effects of HFA and HFAxAMF treatments on the behavior of metals and plants were compared to an unamended one”
Claim · model-written summary
Hemp shoot Cd uptake was 9.9 g per ha per year.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae0
- Outcome
- Shoot Cd, Pb and Zn uptakese4
- Value
- 9.9e4
- Qualifier
- g ha−1 year−1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1”
e4“Shoot Cd, Pb and Zn uptakes reached 9.9, 230, and 869 g ha−1 year−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Hemp shoot Pb uptake was 230 g per ha per year.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae0
- Outcome
- Shoot Cd, Pb and Zn uptakese4
- Value
- 230e4
- Qualifier
- g ha−1 year−1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1”
e4“Shoot Cd, Pb and Zn uptakes reached 9.9, 230, and 869 g ha−1 year−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Hemp shoot Zn uptake was 869 g per ha per year.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae0
- Outcome
- Shoot Cd, Pb and Zn uptakese4
- Value
- 869e4
- Qualifier
- g ha−1 year−1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1”
e4“Shoot Cd, Pb and Zn uptakes reached 9.9, 230, and 869 g ha−1 year−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In year 2, shoot Cd uptake of hemp improved under all treatments.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse5
- Outcome
- shoot Cd uptakee5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Qualifier
- In year 2e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1”
e5“In year 2, shoot Cd uptake improved under all treatments and the 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations at harvest decreased by 95, 79 and 96%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd concentration at harvest decreased by 95%.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae0
- Outcome
- 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd, Pb and Zn concentrationse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 95e5
- Qualifier
- at harveste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1”
e5“In year 2, shoot Cd uptake improved under all treatments and the 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations at harvest decreased by 95, 79 and 96%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Pb concentration at harvest decreased by 79%.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae0
- Outcome
- 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd, Pb and Zn concentrationse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 79e5
- Qualifier
- at harveste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1”
e5“In year 2, shoot Cd uptake improved under all treatments and the 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations at harvest decreased by 95, 79 and 96%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Zn concentration at harvest decreased by 96%.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae0
- Outcome
- 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd, Pb and Zn concentrationse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 96e5
- Qualifier
- at harveste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1”
e5“In year 2, shoot Cd uptake improved under all treatments and the 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2-extractable soil Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations at harvest decreased by 95, 79 and 96%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider hemp a relevant species for phytomanaging this metal-contaminated soil under current climatic constraints.
- Taxon
- Hemp
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativae6 - Outcome
- phytomanaging this metal-contaminated soile6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Hemp was a relevant plant species for phytomanaging this metal-contaminated soil under current climatic constraints”
Claim · model-written summary
The potential bioethanol yield of the hemp biomass was estimated at 3851–6481 L per ha.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae0
- Outcome
- The potential bioethanol yielde7
- Value
- 3851–6481 L ha−1e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cannabis sativa L. was sown at a density of 173 000 plants ha−1”
e7“The potential bioethanol yield was estimated in the 3851–6481 L ha−1 range”
The same questions in other papers
other · yield · Cannabis sativaPositive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.