Abstract
Certain organic agents can enhance soil heavy metal (HM) availability, while bioagents typically promote plant growth, collectively improving phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soil. This study investigated the effects of two organic agents (potassium fulvic acids [FAK], chitosan [Chi]), and one biological agent (Trichoderma harzianum [TH]) on the efficiency and mechanisms of phytoremediation by Solanum nigrum L. in Cd- and Zn-contaminated soil. Pot experiments showed that organic agents increased shoot biomass of S. nigrum, with further enhancement when combined with TH. FAK and Chi also increased Cd and Zn concentrations in shoots. Although TH alone reduced shoot Cd and Zn concentrations, FAK and Chi counteracted this effect, enabling significantly higher Cd and Zn extraction with or without TH. Soil analysis indicated that decreased pH, increased dissolved organic matter and humic acid-like fractions, promoted the transformation of Cd and Zn into exchangeable and weakly organic-binding forms, raising CaCl2-extractable concentrations. However, TH addition partially offset the Cd and Zn extractability enhanced by FAK and Chi. Overall, soil fertility improved, particularly in treatments combining FAK or Chi with TH, through enhanced nutrient availability, proliferation of HM-resistant bacteria, and suppression of fungal pathogens. These changes collectively facilitated soil HM detoxification, plant growth, and phytoremediation efficiency.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Organic agents increased Solanum nigrum shoot biomass.
- Taxon
- Solanum nigrum L
_Solanum_nigrum_3.jpg?width=60)
Solanum nigrumt0 - Treatment
- organic agentse0
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Solanum_nigrum_3.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“organic agents increased shoot biomass of S. nigrum”
t0“Solanum nigrum L”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum [TH]”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining organic agents with TH further enhanced shoot biomass.
- Taxon
- Solanum nigrum LSolanum nigrumt0
- Treatment
- combined with THe0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont - Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- further enhancemente0
- Comparator
- organic agentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic agents increased shoot biomass of S. nigrum, with further enhancement when combined with TH.”
t0“Solanum nigrum L”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum [TH]”
Claim · model-written summary
FAK increased Cd concentration in shoots.
- Taxon
- Solanum nigrum LSolanum nigrumt0
- Treatment
- FAKe0
- Outcome
- Cd and Zn concentrations in shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FAK and Chi also increased Cd and Zn concentrations in shoots.”
t0“Solanum nigrum L”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum [TH]”
Claim · model-written summary
FAK increased Zn concentration in shoots.
- Taxon
- Solanum nigrum LSolanum nigrumt0
- Treatment
- FAKe0
- Outcome
- Zn concentrations in shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FAK and Chi also increased Cd and Zn concentrations in shoots.”
t0“Solanum nigrum L”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum [TH]”
Claim · model-written summary
Chi increased Cd concentration in shoots.
- Taxon
- Solanum nigrum LSolanum nigrumt0
- Treatment
- Chie0
- Outcome
- Cd and Zn concentrations in shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FAK and Chi also increased Cd and Zn concentrations in shoots.”
t0“Solanum nigrum L”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum [TH]”
Claim · model-written summary
Chi increased Zn concentration in shoots.
- Taxon
- Solanum nigrum LSolanum nigrumt0
- Treatment
- Chie0
- Outcome
- Zn concentrations in shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FAK and Chi also increased Cd and Zn concentrations in shoots.”
t0“Solanum nigrum L”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum [TH]”
Claim · model-written summary
TH alone reduced shoot Cd and Zn concentrations.
- Taxon
- Solanum nigrum LSolanum nigrumt0
- Treatment
- TH alonee0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot Cd and Zn concentrationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TH alone reduced shoot Cd and Zn concentrations”
t0“Solanum nigrum L”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum [TH]”
Claim · model-written summary
FAK counteracted the TH effect and enabled significantly higher Cd and Zn extraction.
- Taxon
- Solanum nigrum LSolanum nigrumt0
- Treatment
- FAKe0
- Outcome
- Cd and Zn extractione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FAK and Chi counteracted this effect, enabling significantly higher Cd and Zn extraction with or without TH.”
t0“Solanum nigrum L”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum [TH]”
Claim · model-written summary
Chi counteracted the TH effect and enabled significantly higher Cd and Zn extraction.
- Taxon
- Solanum nigrum LSolanum nigrumt0
- Treatment
- Chie0
- Outcome
- Cd and Zn extractione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FAK and Chi counteracted this effect, enabling significantly higher Cd and Zn extraction with or without TH.”
t0“Solanum nigrum L”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum [TH]”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH decreased under the amendments.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“decreased pH, increased dissolved organic matter and humic acid-like fractions”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil dissolved organic matter and humic acid-like fractions increased.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“decreased pH, increased dissolved organic matter and humic acid-like fractions”
Claim · model-written summary
The amendments promoted Cd and Zn transformation into more exchangeable and weakly organic-binding forms.
- Outcome
- transformation of Cd and Zn into exchangeable and weakly organic-binding formse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“promoted the transformation of Cd and Zn into exchangeable and weakly organic-binding forms, raising CaCl2-extractable concentrations.”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl2-extractable Cd and Zn concentrations increased.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“raising CaCl2-extractable concentrations.”
Claim · model-written summary
TH partially offset the Cd and Zn extractability enhancement from FAK and Chi.
- Treatment
- TH additione0
- Outcome
- Cd and Zn extractabilitye0
- Direction
- partially offsete0
- Comparator
- FAK and Chie0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“TH addition partially offset the Cd and Zn extractability enhanced by FAK and Chi.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fertility improved especially with FAK or Chi combined with TH.
- Outcome
- soil fertilitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- particularly in treatments combining FAK or Chi with THe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“soil fertility improved, particularly in treatments combining FAK or Chi with TH”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient availability increased in the combined treatments.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“through enhanced nutrient availability, proliferation of HM-resistant bacteria, and suppression of fungal pathogens.”
Claim · model-written summary
HM-resistant bacteria proliferated in the combined treatments.
- Taxon
- Solanum nigrum LSolanum nigrumt0
- Interactor
- HM-resistant bacteriae0other
- Outcome
- proliferation of HM-resistant bacteriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“proliferation of HM-resistant bacteria”
t0“Solanum nigrum L”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum [TH]”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal pathogens were suppressed in the combined treatments.
- Taxon
- Solanum nigrum LSolanum nigrumt0
- Interactor
- fungal pathogense0pathogen
- Outcome
- suppression of fungal pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suppression of fungal pathogens.”
t0“Solanum nigrum L”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum [TH]”